時間：2023-05-30 09:27:14
開篇：寫作不僅是一種記錄，更是一種創造，它讓我們能夠捕捉那些稍縱即逝的靈感，將它們永久地定格在紙上。下面是小編精心整理的12篇成也蕭何敗蕭何，希望這些內容能成為您創作過程中的良師益友，陪伴您不斷探索和進步。
但是運營商的互聯網產品奄奄一息的多，所以說運營商的互聯網產品會死，是不負責任的說法，在運營商的體制內，上線一個產品很漫長，讓一個產品死也很漫長。所以這里說的死，其實是說那些奄奄一息的運營商互聯網產品，或者被閹割的互聯網產品(請不要聯想剛剛被叫停的某產品，后果自負)。
于是我總結了運營商互聯網產品的十大死法，僅供娛樂，如有雷同，純屬巧合，切勿對號入座。
第十名：部門內斗死。大家都懂得，不讓我成功，也不讓你成仁，合作代替競爭的企業文化必然結果。
第九名：定制機預裝死。很爛的定制機，很爛的體驗，不死才怪。
第八名：因KPI死。成也蕭何敗蕭何，要進KPI要做很多工作，工作不到位，不死才怪。
第七名：被競爭產品嚇死。看看微信對運營商的心理沉重大家，有誰知道有多少類似的產品已經胎死腹中?
第六名：因信息安全死。提起安全運營商都一把淚，為何不能和互聯網一樣待遇?
第五名：投訴死。不滿意可以找工信部，它管不了互聯網的互聯網產品，運營商的還是可以管的。
第四名：躺著中槍死。互聯網打架，殃及池魚，運營商整改，你也懂得。
第三名：自主創新死。這個年代，不會開發的運營商不是好運營商，收購是最沒技術含量的手段，鄙視。
有人說2011年是天使投資元年，有人說2011年是微博元年。2011年對于投資行業，對于互聯網而言都是特殊的一年。2011年薛蠻子微博打拐，讓人們認識了天使投資人；王功權私奔，讓原本處于隱形狀態的投資行業被公之于眾，而且一時之間引起了娛樂效應；李國慶與張蘭的對罵讓人們看到了投資人與企業之間的是非爭端。而這一切的發生，似乎都源于互聯網。可謂成也蕭何敗蕭何，互聯網在為眾多企業帶來名利雙收的機會之時，也帶來了更多的麻煩。
拉手網的上市未果，更讓眾人開始質疑曾經那些蜂擁而上的投資人的眼光。2011年，IPO之路重重受阻，VIE風云變幻，尤其是進入下半年之后，愈發出現投融資漸冷的趨勢。一直被眾人吹起的互聯網泡沫，終于暴曬在陽光之下，讓人們開始變得謹慎。
盡管2011年有著如此之多的是非，無論從投資項目的數量還是從投資金額上來看，互聯網行業依然是創業投資機構投資排行榜上的第一名。在投資金額上，互聯網行業也奪得了私募股權投資基金投資排行榜上的桂冠。
清科研究中心的數據顯示：2011年中國創投市場募資、投資、退出均創下歷史新高。2011年互聯網領域投資無論從投資案例數抑或投資總額均再創歷史新高，投資案例較2010年的125起漲幅達120.8%；投資金額較2010年的7.18億美元增長達359.5%。
據了解，2011年，中國創投市場共發生投資案例1503起，其中披露金額的1452起投資涉及投資金額共計127.65億美元，投資涉及到的行業達到23個，互聯網行業投資案例276個，投資金額為32.99億美元，遙遙領先于位居第二的清潔技術行業投資案例數129，投資金額9.43億美元。
根據艾瑞咨詢集團的數據，2011年中國十大熱門網絡服務中，微博排在首位，月復合增長率達到12.5%，團購排在第二位，月復合增長率達到11.9%，第三的是比價購物網站，月復合增長率達到9.3%。B2C的電子商務網站位列第九，復合增長率僅為3.2%。事實上，在這十大熱門網絡服務中，細分領域的電子商務仍然獲得了最多的投資，隨著網上零售交易總額占社會消費品零售總額比重的不斷攀升，越來越多的創投參與到電商投資中。
縱觀創投市場，IDG顯然對互聯網行業尤為鐘情。據清科研究中心披露，IDG在2011年共涉及14起投資案例，有10起案例是針對互聯網行業的。其中5起案例投資電子商務領域，其中包括2011年9月與摯信資本共同投資電子商務公司易積科技、百分點科技、寺庫網、凡客誠品以及韓都衣舍等等。
在私募股權投資市場中，中國在2011年共產生投資交易695起，其中披露金額的643起案例涉及投資總金額高達275.97億美元。從案例的投資數量上看，互聯網行業有44起，排在所有行業的第五位。而從投資的金額上看，互聯網行業發生多起大額交易，44起案例共計投資金額為24.98億美元，數量和金額均為2010年的兩倍。
在眾多投資案例中，金額較大的有若干起。2011年3月團購網站拉手網獲得來自于金沙江創投、麥頓投資等機構共計1.1億美元的投資。此外，軟銀中國投資網絡視頻公司聚力傳媒2.5億美元，電子商務網站凡客誠品獲得來自IDG、淡馬錫等機構共計2.3億美元的投資等等。
“因為飛機經常誤點?”眾所周知，國內航班的誤點率非常高，延誤兩三個小時是家常便飯。
“這只是其中一個原因，坐飛機要去機場，通常機場都在郊區，并且坐飛機時間久了會不舒服。現在一二線城市都在大力發展地鐵，未來城市之間還會有更多的城際鐵路連通。平時我們到江浙的企業做調研，開車會很累而且經常遇到堵車，現在只需兩個小時就可到達目的地。大家最直觀的感受是生活更加便利和環保了，可你們注意到這里面的投資機會了么?”邵驥詠稱，這僅僅是低碳生活一個小小的情節，未來這一覆蓋范圍非常廣的投資主題已深入人心，對相關行業的需求，決定了其蘊含的巨大的投資機會。
政策才是市場頭上的緊箍咒
近期，市場對那次11?12大跌似乎“耿耿于懷”，一時間各種版本在坊間熱議。從老生常談的技術層面，到對2010年11月11日公布的CPI消化反應，甚至一度連投資大鱷索羅斯聯合某國際投行做空A股市場被都傳得沸沸揚揚。在記者的了解中，邵驥詠的分析代表了大部分公募基金經理的看法。要分析為什么下跌，就要先看為什么上漲。
“市場自2010年4月出現單邊下跌，7月經歷了一次像樣的反彈。當時的背景是市場普遍對未來行情持悲觀情緒，經濟二次探底、歐債危機的進一步擴散等各種利空消息喧囂塵土。但7月的PMI連續向好，CPI控制在了3％左右，貨幣政策維持了適度寬松的穩定性。企業盈利層面，中報和三季報都超預期。加之6月底市場的估值合理，已處于相對低點。而10月的這波行情源自國慶期間美元指數連創新低，間接造成流動性泛濫，熱錢涌入市場，大宗商品價格持續上漲，煤炭、有色等帶動大盤強勢上漲。”萬事俱備，只欠流動性。邵驥詠指出，流動性一到，上漲不足為奇。
正是“成也蕭何敗蕭何”，這種流動性充裕預期的破滅轉身就給了市場沉重打擊。“2010年10月的CPI數據一出來，便有先知先覺的機構開始撤離。過去5年，只要CPI超過4％，部委會聯合采取行政手段調控物價，央行會收緊貨幣政策。10月19日央行3年以來第一次加息，并且在隨后連續3次統一上調存款準備金率，一次差別上調存款準備金率。這給了市場非常明確的信號：適度寬松的貨幣政策發生了實質變化，轉而采取穩健或更為嚴厲的緊縮。”邵驥詠說。
從國外來看，美聯儲的QE2引發的海外討伐在G20首爾峰會召開時達到，各國均對QE2提出了措辭嚴厲的批評。更多的新興經濟體在口頭抗議的同時，不得不采取資本控制等行政手段來抵御沖擊，防范美元貶值和流動性泛濫帶來的本幣升值和熱線涌入等多重風險。美元止跌反彈，大宗商品應聲而落，泡沫被刺破。在國內外對政策實質是對流動性悲觀的預期之下，市場只是做出了最本能的反應。
弱勢調整下低碳基金機會大于風險
邵驥詠認為，除非政府持續出臺收縮流動性、繼續打壓投資的政策，指數出現趨勢性下跌的可能不大。加之央行在2010年12月20日年內第6次上調存款準備金率，這也給市場對年內再次加息的預期有所放緩。“2004年5月和2007年5月的CPI都曾超過4％，但兩者的市場表現不同。調整是市場的正常反應，但要想這種反應成為一種常態，需要一個條件：估值水平到相對高位，企業盈利減少。”
目前滬深300指數2011年的PE數據位于5年均值的下方，而企業盈利卻在5年均值的上方，對應2011年的動態PE為18倍處于歷史低位。“就低碳基金而盲，機會比風險更多。受政策影響的行業本來就不是低碳基金的投資重點，低碳板塊現在估值水平普遍為2011年動態市盈率的20倍左右，相對2010年初的50倍已下降很多，且考慮到其持續成長性和政策受益潛力，通過精選其中估值較低、成長性更高的個般，擇機建倉仍有很大的獲利機會。”邵驥詠說。
低碳概念投資也有先后
低碳經濟是市場中少見的涵蓋范圍很廣的投資主題，既有第一產業的農業林業，又有第二產業工業制造業，更有第三產業的各類服務業和金融業，在地域上也沒有明顯區別，沒有沿海的企業就比內地的企業優秀之說。可以說，當這個新穎的主題撲面而來的時候，投資者可能會感覺無從下手。
邵驥詠介紹，從通常的思維邏輯來看，遵循能源的流轉循環路線是一個思路。“能源在生產上有太能能、風能與核能等行業，其次能源在傳送中需儲存、運輸，則有智能電網、電池材料和技術等行業；最后在應用上有工業節能、交通節能和建筑節能等概念的行業。”
不過，在投資上，邵驥詠表示可能并不需要遵循這個推進程序。“投資所關注的邏輯更多的是成本和收益。按這個來排序的話，上述的過程幾乎正好是顛倒過來：首先是節能，然后是減排，再后面才是新能源和碳交易等。原因很簡單，中國在單位GDP能耗上是有硬指標的，我們向國際社會承諾到2020年減排40％－45％，肯定是挑最容易做到的先來，從成本和效益比來看，節能對碳減排的貢獻最大，其次是減排，最后是新能源。”
從國外的經驗來看，基本上也有這個趨向。
為什么人類不像非洲黑猩猩而成為人？
沒有人會把人和非洲黑猩猩認錯，然而，我們與黑猩猩共同擁有的DNA要比和貓與老鼠分享的DNA要多，為什么會這樣呢？基因組學領域取得的突破給我們提供了些許答案和啟發。
將人類的基因組和黑猩猩的基因組并排放在一起，我們就會發現，其差異還不到1%。看起來似乎并不多，但是，這小小的差異相當于3000多萬個基因點發生了突變。在我們所擁有的3萬個基因中，約80%的基因會因為這些差異受到影響，而且，盡管大多數基因只出現了一兩個變化，但是，這些細微變化可能會造成巨大的影響。例如，由人的FOXP2基因（該基因有助于人類說話）制造出的蛋白質與黑猩猩體內該蛋白質相比，就有兩個氨基酸不一樣。而且，小腦癥基因（microcephalin）和ASPM基因的細微變化可能是造成人類和黑猩猩腦容量出現巨大差異的“幕后黑手”。小腦癥基因和ASPM是兩個調節人類大腦尺寸的基因，它們由蘇格蘭愛丁堡大學的羅伯特?拉德和丹?代度發現。
美國耶魯大學的詹姆斯?努南表示，蛋白質進化僅僅是使得我們之所以成為人的部分原因。基因調控的變化同樣非常關鍵，所謂基因調控就是，在發育過程中，基因什么時候以及在何處被表達。關鍵的發育基因內發生的變異很可能至關重要。不過，努南也表示：“單一組織內的一個基因的表達發生變化或者只發生一次變化或許更容易導致一個并不那么具有顛覆性的革新。”
努南團隊和其他很多科學家們正忙于比較諸如大腦等組織內的基因表達，以揪出人類和黑猩猩之間關鍵性的基因調控差異，這些調控差異的大部分仍未被揭示出來。
參與了黑猩猩基因組測序工作的美國華盛頓大學的生物學家艾文?艾希勒表示，基因再復制也扮演著非常重要的角色。這可能會產生一些功能非常多樣而且能夠承擔新功能的基因家族。他的實驗室已經找出了其中一些人類獨有的基因家族，這些基因家族可能會對人類生物學的很多方面——從免疫系統到大腦發育等產生影響。他認為，基因再復制對人類所擁有的新奇的認知能力的進化功不可沒，但是，成也蕭何敗蕭何，作為代價，人類因此也更容易罹患神經性疾病。
復制錯誤意味著整塊DNA會被刪除。這樣，其他DNA塊會發現自己處于新的位置上，此時，不停游動的遺傳元素會在基因組周圍四處跳動；病毒或許也會將自己整合進入我們的DNA中，導致人類中招。人的基因組中包含有2.6萬多個這些所謂的“插入和刪除（統稱為indels）”，其中很多同人和黑猩猩之間的基因表達的差異有關。
美國加州大學圣地亞哥分校的阿季特?瓦爾基則表示，甚至一類完整的遺傳差異都無法解決人類和黑猩猩之間的差異問題。使得人類之所以成為人類的很大一部分原因在于文化，文化可以通過學習代代相傳。而且，基因和文化的協同進化是人類進化的主要驅動力，比較著名的例子是奶農的后代能夠消化奶蛋白。
為了揭示人類獨特性的奧秘，我們需要知道基因組如何建立了我們的身體和大腦；大腦如何創造出了文化以及文化如何最終反哺基因組甚至改變了基因組。而要想回答這些問題，人類還有很長的路要走。
為什么我們變成兩足動物直立行走？
查爾斯?達爾文曾經提出，我們的祖先第一次直立起來是為了讓他們的雙手解放出來以便制造工具。然而，我們現在知道這種說法不對，因為迄今發現的最古老的工具只有260萬年的歷史，然而，對古人類化石進行的解剖分析表明，至少在420萬年前，甚至可能在600萬年前，人類就成為雙足動物開始直立行走了。
英國倫敦自然歷史博物館的克里斯?斯特林格表示，雙足直立行走的麻煩在于，盡管熟練的直立行走有諸多優勢，但獲得這種技能需要讓身體結構發生變化，而且，人類的行走速度也會變得更緩慢、笨手笨腳，身體的平衡能力也會變差。斯特林格說：“雙足行走可能首先在樹上開始。”他指出，猩猩和其它靈長類動物在喂食時會在樹枝上站立起來，這一點與我們現在所知的第一個雙足動物的生活方式相吻合，但卻無法解釋為什么它們會進化出這種特有的骨骼特征。例如，在400萬年前，靈長類動物的小腿脛骨與其腳面相垂直，而我們在現在的猿類身上卻發現，其脛骨與腳面向外傾斜一定的角度，即使那些大部分時間都依靠雙足站立的猿類也是如此。
一個更加令人信奉的解釋人類雙足直立的理由是，雙足直立會大大提升人類的存活率，有些人認為，正是雙足直立使男人能夠獲取更多食物，這樣，他們就能為伴侶和后代提供更好的生存和生活條件。但是，美國亞利桑那州立大學的唐納德?約翰遜指出，這一說法成立的前提是非常原始的一夫一妻制，而現有證據并不支持這一前提。約翰遜和湯姆?格雷于1974年在埃塞俄比亞哈達爾發現了320萬年前的原始人種——直立行走的南方古猿“露西（Lucy）”，這個名字源自甲殼蟲樂隊的歌曲《天上的露西手拿鉆石》。約翰遜指出，在早期的古人類中，男人的體型比女人更大，在靈長類動物中，這預示著兩性之間存在的主要是競爭而非合作。
從風云際會到單槍匹馬
在2012年奧運會賽場,英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾士和北愛爾蘭將組成英國隊參賽,不過,在世界杯和歐洲杯的賽場上,英國卻享受到與眾不同的權利。1904年5月21日,國際足球聯合會(現國際足聯)在法國巴黎成立,但是成立之初,這一機構影響力非常有限,沒有足夠的號召力組織國際賽事。1905年4月14日,英格蘭足協的加盟,正是給FIFA雪中送炭之舉,接著蘇格蘭、威爾士和北愛爾蘭足協紛紛加入國際足聯,英國足球由此在國際足聯占有四席之地。
作為現代足球的發源地,英國在國際足聯的作用一直是舉足輕重的,自二戰之后,英國在國際足聯中可擁有一個法定的副主席名額,該副主席是24名執委會委員之一;而且國際足聯制定修改比賽規則的國際足球評議會,也是由英國四大足球協會以及國際足聯的技術官員組成的。英國足球在FIFA的影響力一直持續,但是在賽場上的表現卻日漸式微。
1958年世界杯是英國足球至今無法觸及的高峰,在瑞典,英格蘭、蘇格蘭、北愛爾蘭和威爾士齊聚一堂分居四組廝殺,雖然最后僅有后兩者躋身八強,但是能夠在世界杯賽場占據1/4的席位(當時參賽隊為16支),的確顯現出“足球宗主國”不一般的實力,1966年英格蘭奪冠是又一個高峰,只不過這屆世界杯,大不列顛只有東道主這棵獨苗。
自1982年世界杯擴軍至24強,英倫會師便成為家常便飯,1982年英格蘭、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭風云際會西班牙,1986年三隊再次聯合突圍,1990年英格蘭和蘇格蘭東征意大利,雖然1994年四隊都沒去成美國,但是1998年蘇格蘭和英格蘭還是在法蘭西留下了不少悲情瞬間。不想自彼時開始,英國就只能依靠英格蘭一隊獨撐場面。
歐洲杯賽場也大抵相似,自從1996年英格蘭和蘇格蘭一起打入決賽圈并在溫布利上演激情碰撞之后,歐洲杯賽場就只剩下英格蘭繼續自己神經刀般的表現,2008年三獅軍團未能從預選賽突圍,英國球隊全軍覆沒,這屆歐洲杯也成為英國人最不堪回首的記憶。
威爾士:巨星的悲劇命運
威爾士斯諾克人才輩出,但是足球人才卻是數年才涌現一個,這個人口不足300萬的彈丸之地從不缺乏傳奇球星,利物浦歷史上最偉大的射手伊恩?拉什、取代比爾茲利成為了“”史上身價最昂貴球員的桑德斯、曼聯傳奇巨星馬克?休斯、曾經的世界第一左邊鋒吉格斯、英超“壞小子”貝拉米、如今在英超賽場紅得發紫的邊路新星貝爾、阿森納妖人拉姆齊……可是他們卻從沒有參加過任何一場世界杯和歐洲杯賽事。威爾士歷史上僅參加過1958年世界杯和1976年歐洲杯,可惜這些球星都生不逢時。
1994年是威爾士隊近年來最接近世界杯決賽圈的一次,可惜他們在最后一戰主場1∶2不敵羅馬尼亞,這場比賽哈吉先入一球,桑德斯在第61分鐘扳平比分,第65分鐘威爾士獲得點球良機,可惜博登未能罰入,第83分鐘AC米蘭球星勒杜喬尤為羅馬尼亞鎖定勝局,拉什、吉格斯、桑德斯和斯皮德等人組成的夢幻中前場由此成為絕唱。
2004年歐洲杯預選賽威爾士同樣悲劇,他們在附加賽遭遇俄羅斯,結果最后一役在加的夫千年球場七萬多球迷面前,缺少了貝拉米的威爾士以0∶1告負,吉格斯比賽中擊中門框也成為他在威爾士隊最大的遺憾,他賽后說道:“我們非常失望,簡直都已絕望,因為我們太想去葡萄牙了!”主教練馬克?休斯也心灰意冷,放下國家隊教鞭轉而征戰英超賽場。
威爾士的悲劇雖然令人同情,但這也絕非偶然,在強手如林的歐洲,僅靠兩三名球星顯然不足以脫穎而出。在歐洲各國聯賽排名中,威爾士長年在40名之外徘徊,最好的幾家俱樂部如加的夫、斯旺西等隊都是在英格蘭低級別聯賽廝混,聯賽混亂不堪、同時缺乏完善的青訓體系,有天賦的年輕球員也只能被挖去英超豪門培養,這樣“借雞生蛋”的模式,顯然無法充分挖掘威爾士的足球天才,而且對于熱愛橄欖球的威爾士,你無法要求得更多。
蘇格蘭:大賽打醬油
蘇格蘭總共參加了8屆世界杯和2屆歐洲杯,結果總共贏了6場比賽,從未闖進過大賽八強,最好成績是1974年德國世界杯的第9名,是典型的“大賽打醬油球隊”。從1998年至今,蘇格蘭連續12年無緣國際大賽,與之前連續參加五屆世界杯相比,的確是大相徑庭。
蘇格蘭近年來最令人可惜的是2008年歐洲杯預選賽,他們雖然與意大利、法國分在一組,但是他們卻雙殺法國,一度位列小組第一,可是已經一只腳邁入決賽圈的蘇格蘭隊在最后兩輪先后負于格魯吉亞和意大利,最終只能以2分之差倒在決賽圈外。
蘇格蘭足球不缺乏頂尖教練,譬如弗格森和香克利,也不缺乏頂尖的球員,譬如達格利什和丹尼斯?勞,但蘇格蘭的球星似乎只會在俱樂部發威。1986年爵爺接替猝死的斯坦率隊出征墨西哥世界杯,結果他與艾倫?漢森、達格利什兩位利物浦人鬧僵,導致這兩位傳奇巨星退出蘇格蘭隊,雖然手中還有米勒、麥克利什和斯特拉坎等名將,但是與西德、丹麥和烏拉圭同分死亡之組,蘇格蘭也只能以1平2負小組墊底回家。當然,即便達格利什去了墨西哥也不一定有所收獲,他在102場國際賽事中僅打入30球,這樣的進球率與其在利物浦時期355場進172球無法相提并論。
其實蘇格蘭的聯賽水平并不低,凱爾特人和格拉斯哥流浪者都是歐洲賽場實力不俗的勁旅,蘇格蘭的聯賽水平也處于歐洲十余名的水準,而且大不列顛第一次染指大耳朵杯,便是來自1967年的凱爾特人。但成也蕭何敗蕭何,凱爾特人與格拉斯哥流浪者的兩強爭霸一定程度上阻礙了聯賽水平的提高,兩隊不斷挖掘其他國家的廉價外援充當隊內主力,也成為青少年足球發展的障礙,目前蘇格蘭隊最大牌的球星,也只是曼聯的藍領球員弗萊徹,蘇格蘭正是青黃不接之時。而且被英格蘭人鄙視為“鄉巴佬”的蘇格蘭經濟并不發達,缺乏足夠的資金和廣闊的市場,蘇格蘭足球離騰飛之時尚有時日。
近些年,蘇格蘭足球有一定的提高,蘇格蘭政府的足球振興計劃正在有條不紊地進行著,預計到2014年可見成效。經歷了2005年排名世界第88名的恥辱,如今蘇格蘭排名已穩定至第45名上下。蘇格蘭隊素來喜好防守反擊,這使他們與強隊交鋒時往往能出奇制勝,而且雖然缺乏足夠精湛的技術,但是球風樸實、作風硬朗是他們的特點所在,這并不意味著他們崇尚英式高舉高打的長傳沖吊風格,蘇格蘭人同樣能打出簡單實用的地面短傳配合。
北愛爾蘭:偶爾爆發的魚腩
北愛爾蘭人口不足200萬,的確有成為魚腩的潛質,不過歷史上這支球隊卻也有過輝煌,他們雖然沒有任何一次歐洲杯經歷,但是卻在1958年、1982年和1986年三度打入世界杯決賽圈。1982年他們小組出線打入八強,第一輪小組賽,北愛爾蘭力壓西班牙和南斯拉夫以小組第一出線,不過遺憾止步于第二輪小組賽。
從1986年以后,北愛爾蘭幾乎就在國際足壇銷聲匿跡,只不過偶爾會涌現一位英雄讓大家驚嘆一番。這包括2006年世界杯賽,依靠戴維?希利的入球,北愛爾蘭1∶0戰勝了34年未曾勝過的英格蘭;2008年歐洲杯預選賽,這位前鋒上演帽子戲法,幫助球隊掀翻了后來的歐洲杯冠軍西班牙,爆出了一個不小的冷門。與蘇格蘭諸球星截然相反,希利在北愛爾蘭隊的表現簡直如有神助,他甚至還以13球打破了達沃?蘇克保持的歐洲杯預選賽進球紀錄。
目前北愛爾蘭聯賽水平較低,該地區的優秀球員也均前往蘇超和英超發展,曼聯中衛約翰尼?埃文斯、富勒姆后衛貝爾德和阿龍?休斯、蘇超格拉斯哥流浪者的史蒂文?戴維斯、安德魯?里特都是目前球隊的重要成員。相比于蘇格蘭和威爾士,北愛爾蘭各方面都更為薄弱,所以在大賽預選賽中,他們只能位列小組倒數第二甚至倒數第一。
2012年,尷尬還是輝煌?
歐洲杯預選賽如火如荼地進行著,英國國奧隊的討論也甚囂塵上,2012年,會是英國足球大團聚的日子嗎?
歐洲杯預選賽中,英格蘭依舊是四支球隊中最穩定的一支,他們前兩場分別以4∶0和3∶1的比分戰勝保加利亞和瑞士,在卡佩羅愈加熟悉球隊的情況下,三獅軍團走得異常穩健。蘇格蘭所處的小組中有西班牙一馬當先,蘇格蘭人也只能與捷克以及立陶宛爭奪第二,負于捷克的比賽,蘇格蘭全場處于被動中;與立陶宛之役,蘇格蘭雖占據優勢卻破門乏力,碰上魚腩列士敦士登還只是依靠補時時刻的入球才逆轉對手,這樣看來,蘇格蘭的晉級概率并不大。
北愛爾蘭第二輪逼平意大利,并在客場1∶0戰勝了斯洛文尼亞,但是小組中愛沙尼亞和塞爾維亞實力同樣不俗,北愛爾蘭沒有明顯的優勢;至于前兩站皆負的威爾士,前面有三戰全勝的黑山、英格蘭和保加利亞,幾乎可以確定無法出線。
如此看來,大不列顛要在2012年歐洲杯重塑12年前的輝煌,只能期待英格蘭不再犯錯、北愛爾蘭能神奇到底。2008年歐洲杯,英格蘭和蘇格蘭都是在大好局勢下遭遇連敗,一同喪失了前往奧地利和瑞士的門票,英國人最后時刻掉鏈子的毛病,沒少發生過。
斯坦福商學院有個重量級的講座系列叫做View From The Top，會定期請到全球政商界的頂尖人物來分享心靈雞湯和成功學，喬布斯和比爾蓋茨都曾來過。甚至有八卦傳言，喬布斯就是在這個講座上認識了他后來的妻子Laurene Powell Jobs。Laurene當時還是斯坦福商學院的學生，參加講座時故意坐在前排，引起喬布斯注意并在講座后熱情追求，最終修得正果。(畫外音：老師讓我們前排就坐，不余欺也)
然而這位教授就說View From The Top然并卵，不如搞一個View From The Bottom，找一些著名的創業失敗者來講，因為許多創業的坑是共通的，分享出來大家一起避免而造福社會。
在心中埋下多年的這枚種子，在回答完這個問題后，開始發芽。于是找到幾個朋友一起，把通訊錄仔細過了一遍，找出所有創業失敗的朋友(共有80-90個案例)，并統計他們創業失敗的原因以及創業后的去處，形成如下的結果。
英雄為何失意
在研究創業者為何失敗時，簡單將理由分為六大類。(注：因為取樣的問題，這里的大部分創業者從事新興行業，所以可能會有取樣偏差)
模式問題，占43%。各種主打市夢率的創業公司，在新經濟的大旗下，嘗試各種顛覆一切的新模式，從電商到移動互聯網，從O2O到企業端服務。但是隨著市場風云變幻，概念或模式往往會迅速由香轉臭。隨著泡沫的破滅，這些企業會迅速因為融不到錢而倒閉或泯然于人群之中。
運營問題，占23%。在模式清晰或者找準賽道的情況下，創業企業往往也會因為跑得不夠快或者競爭太激烈或者自身太失敗等多種情況，運營不下去而徹底失敗。
團隊打架，占21%。如果以上兩條都在天災的話，團隊打架是絕對的人禍，而人禍往往比天災更可怕。
股東出手，占7%。不怕神一樣的對手，就怕豬一樣的隊友。而當股東想強勢介入的時候，幾乎就可以直接宣布創業企業的終止。
家庭原因，占4%。“世上只有媽媽好……”
政策問題，占2%。你懂的，不解釋了。
失意英雄落何處
第一部分是探討創業者失敗后的去處。首先是定義，“創業者”嚴格指公司最核心的一到兩號人物；“失敗”可理解為公司退出失敗(至少是讓天使投資人有10倍的回報)，以及創業者在公司退出成功之前離開。其次將去處劃分為三大通路：繼續創業、打工和投資。這里不考慮休息這條通路，因為幾乎沒有人選擇直接退休或者去養老。
由上圖可以發現，在創業失敗后的第一步，41%的創業者會選擇繼續創業；40%的會選擇去打工而安穩一陣；19%的會憑借創業這段經歷，晉級為投資人。看起來創業失敗后，打工和繼續創業是一個區別不大的選擇。
然而再多看一步，就會發現其中的蹊蹺。
40%在第一步選擇去打工的創業者，在短暫調整后，會有13%絕對數的創業者選擇繼續創業，3%絕對數的創業者會接下來去做投資，從而只有24%的失敗創業者在當下老老實實打工
在失敗后直接選擇創業的人一開始只有41%，但是通過做投資和打工短暫調整后，又有14%的創業者接著再創業，將比例提升到55%
在當前的穩態(用紅色數字標出)：繼續創業的人提升到55%，打工的人大幅降低到24%，投資的人基本持平在21%
考慮到創業失敗的概率極高以及一旦開始投資后流出概率極低(5.6%=1%/21%)，大部分人都會以投資作為終點
如果連續動態得觀測這些創業者的變化，結果如下圖，這是一個馬可夫鏈的問題。為了不掉粉，就不列出來轉換矩陣以及更改下圖的數字了。
枯燥的數字大家不愛看，還是舉幾個身邊的例子，容易有更直觀的認識。
人物A，非常一般的大學畢業，在運營商做點基礎的技術工作。不堪忍受運營商的慢節奏，在2001年左右出來單干，以開發PC客戶端產品為主，那也是PC客戶端比較黃金的年代，站住一個細分領域就能生存。一開始做得不錯，但是對于風險投資完全沒概念，拒絕了IDG等大牌VC的投資條款，從一個師兄+老鄉所掌管的大集團那里拿了投資，其實也不是標準的投資，就是每月實報實銷公司花費；師兄還答應他盡快將其概念多多的公司裝入到上市殼公司中。結果大集團后來出現重大變故，現金流當月斷掉，A的公司立即垮掉，A也因此生了一場大病。后來另一家美股上市公司愛惜A的才能(曾提出過收購A的公司，但遭其拒絕)，將其招致麾下負責一重要項目，同時休養一段。在該上市公司混了一年多，也因為項目終止的緣故，更因為按捺不住沖動的創業癌，又出來創業。
人物B，海外名校MBA回國后立即創業，正處在移動互聯網爆發的前期。但是產品一直沒找到合適的方向，或者說PMF不夠，而且也不是很決絕，當初也考慮過做投資的各種機會。所以這次創業很快失敗，然后加入一大外企負責中國市場，做得風生水起，然后轉行開創基金做投資了，算是回到了初心。
人物C，重點大學商科畢業，在外企混了一兩年銷售之后自己創業，小打小鬧各種折騰，賺了點小錢在北京買房，但覺得這不是長久之計，也感到自身需要提高，于是成功申請到海外名校MBA并完成學業。讀書期間也是思考各種創業機會，但畢業后終究還是服從于現實，回歸到大外企做銷售。幾年后依舊按捺不住創業的癌，再次回歸到創業大潮，不過這次是互聯網+O2O創業了，也很快拿到知名VC投資。但是風口選得太早，VC也對其業務發展太慢表示不滿意，逼其轉型以及強行搭配合并其他公司未果之后，股東會直接將C攆走。C閑逛一段時間后，到某外企混中國區首代，但不久后，再次走上創業之路，這次選擇的仍是風口浪尖上的方向及模式。
人物D，重點大學工科畢業，在運營商混跡多年之后，產品感覺和技術感覺卻越發強悍。攜技術、產品及人脈優勢出來創業，最早的一批移動互聯網創業及App開發，其方向絕對是超前于時代和代差打擊同類產品，并迅速拿到頂級VC的投資。同時利用其運營商資源，迅速打開通路，獲得運營商頂級合作資源。然而成也蕭何敗蕭何，成功路徑依賴害死人，運營商的頂級合作，旁人從技術上和從關系上都難以拿到，卻被創業者D搞定了，然而也限制了創業者D向toC產品方向的轉換，明明一個可以積累大用戶量的toC產品，卻做成了跪舔運營商分成的toB生意。然而憑借其產品優勢，曾有上市公司提出收購，卻因為回報倍數不夠而遭投資人攪黃。最后眼睜睜看著移動互聯網起來，將其產品和技術優勢一點點抹平，公司也做得越來越索然無味。在經歷快十年的折騰后，投資人不管了，創業者D也黯然離場。但是D仍然不甘心，小打小鬧嘗試著各種似懂非懂的創業項目。
人物E，重點大學工科畢業，在軟件公司工作并做過高級程序員及項目經理。后來出來創業，嘗試付費社區方向，然而仍然是太早成為先烈，四五年前哪里能想到今天的值乎和分答以及各種視頻VIP付費。主營項目拖拖拉拉多年，不死不活難以融到錢，只有靠各種外包維持團隊，好在團隊異常團結沒有散掉，但卻一直沒有找到大方向。最后實在撐不住了，考慮到家庭等多重原因，人走團隊還繼續嘗試各種新方向和外包，E找了一個創業公司先安穩幾年。
英雄如何療傷
任何一次創業失敗后，創業者在心理上、在身體上、在社會關系上、在家庭關系上以及在個人財富上都會遭受一次或重或輕的創傷，都需要一段或短或長的時間進行調整，因此短暫的打工，往往是最佳選擇，修復傷口同時積累資源。甚至有基金搞出了EIR ( Entrepreneur In Resident)，這簡直就是為失敗創業者提供的專屬“病床”。國內提供EIR的基金包括：真格、經緯等，傅勝就是EIR療傷成功后放出的“獵豹”。
短暫的休整之后，往往又重新開始戰斗，而在此選擇戰斗往往還是奔赴創業的最前線。這種戒不掉的癌，第一是來自不服氣，眼睜睜看見原來一起撒尿和泥的朋友起高樓，而自己距離成功也曾如此接近，再來一次肯定會贏，或多或少會有賭徒心態。要是在深圳的創業圈呆呆，很快就能聽到有人和你講述當年和馬化騰在一層樓或者一條街創業的故事。第二是來自拴不住，再大的草原也圈不住這些創業過的野馬再次奔騰的心，創業過的人很難再次接受大公司里面慣有的官僚文化、頤指氣使以及大象漫步。第三是來自于“惡劣”的外因，有過創業經驗的人，無論是成敗與否，在如今的資產荒中都是投資人眼中的香餑餑，威逼利誘都會讓他們出來再試一把。
Acknowledgments
This thesis concludes my postgraduate study in Henan Normal University. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the professors in the College of Foreign Language， whose preciseness and strictness set a good example for me in the future academic career. I felt gratitude especially goes to my supervisor ， Guo Yingzhen ，whose illuminating instruction and endless assistance have greatly conduced to the accomplishment of this thesis.
I’m also very grateful to the teachers who have taught me in various ways during the course of my study for the bachelor’s degree.Especially I would like to thank Professor Guo Yingzhen and other professors in the Faulty of Foreign institution who inspired me a lot.
Last but not least， I contribute this article to my dear family for their help during my college life.
摘要
翻譯是一個復雜的過程，對于文化翻譯尤其如此。一般來說，翻譯涉及語言以及文化。譯者應該知道外國文化以及文化自己的人民。此外，譯者應連續比較兩種文化之間的等價獲得意義。翻譯的主要任務是翻譯源語言到目標語言。如何消除不同文化之間的語言障礙，如何傳達源語言的意義的重點到底是不同國家的人。本文說明了不同文化的影響已經在翻譯。文能從不同的方面分析:如思維的差異，心理學的文化之間的差異，不同的宗教、環境和生活環境不同的人，等等。
翻譯是一個復雜的過程，它是關于文化翻譯尤其如此。一般來說，翻譯涉及語言以及文化。譯者應該知道外國文化以及文化自己的人民。此外，譯者應連續比較兩種文化之間的等價獲得意義。翻譯的主要任務是翻譯源語言到目標語言。如何消除不同文化之間的語言障礙，如何傳達源語言的意義。本文說明了不同文化的影響已經在翻譯。文能從不同的方面分析:如思維的差異，心理學的文化之間的差異，不同的宗教、環境和生活環境不同的人，等等。
關鍵字：翻譯；文化意識；文化和思維；文化差別；習語
Abstract
Translation is a complex process， especially when we translate the cultural text. Generally speaking ，translation involves language as well as culture. A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Moreover ，a translator should make continuous comparisons between the two cultures for getting the equivalence meaning . The major task of translation is to translate the source language to the target language How to get rid of the language barrier between different culture， how to convey the meaning of the source language exactly is the focus of the people in different countries. This thesis illustrate the influences of different cultures have upon translation. Wen can analysis it from different aspects: such as the difference of thinking， the psychology of culture， the difference between different religion， the environment and living surroundings of different people， and so on.
Key Words: translation; the consciousness of culture; culture and thinking; cultural difference; idioms
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments I
摘要 II
Abstract III
Table of Contents IV
Introduction 1
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE 2
1.1 The concept of translation 3
1.2 The concept of culture 5
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE 7
2.1 Religion 7
2.2 The psychology of culture 8
2.3 The way of thinking 9
2.4 different ways of life 10
2.5 Geographical environment 14
2.6 Geographical environment 15
PART THREE BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 16
CONSLUSIONS 18
Bibliography 19
Introduction
This article contains the concept of translation and the concept of culture. The aim of translation is to making communication. Human’s social development and process need translation and human’s social development and progress should make communication between different nations， and during the process of communication， translation is indispensable. Translation， as an cultural phenomenon， thinking activity， related to the era and social background all in all. Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Culture is a very broad concept， to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers， sociologists， anthropologists， historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However， so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics， about "culture" at least， it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking， culture is a social phenomenon， which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather， culture refers to a state or national history， geography， local conditions and customs， traditions， lifestyles， literature and art， behavior standards， way of thinking， values， etc. When we translate something， the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context， we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking， the psychology of thinking， and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored， the truly meaning of the context will be lost.
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation ， it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing， mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.
Zhu Guangqian， one writer in modern times， thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.
But for literary study， it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:
《靜夜思》 “窗前明月光，疑是地上霜。舉頭望明月。低頭思故鄉。”
Using English， we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:
(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon， as I tile back my head. Yearn， while stooping， for my home land more.
(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light， I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head， I find the full moon bright; and bowing down， in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version ， the emotion of the author must be considered， or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler， one anthropologist in England， whose book primitive culture raises the concept of culture and describes it as “culture is a kind of complex abilities and habits， which includes knowledge， faith， art， moral， law and custom”. Thus we can know the wide coverage of culture， it is a complex system. Language， as a component of culture， reflect the phenomenon of a resourceful culture.
Translation is so difficult as language reflect the culture， which conveys to much cultural content and limited by culture. Once language entered the human’s life as a tool of communication， the problem of cultural connotation and the ability of express something will arise. This not only requires the translator master the knowledge of bilingual ability but multilingual ability， especially they must know the consciousness of two different culture， religious culture and the geographic features， the historical customs and traditions， the process of forming culture， etc. For these factors， the language cultures of different nations reflect their own national features and the background of the nation.
1.1 The concept of translation
There are many different definitions of translation， in The Oxford English Dictionary it means “to turn from one language into another ”. Or recreating according the original text. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language gives us the definition of translation is “to turn into one’s own or another language”. While the definition in Columbia Encyclopedia is that translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.(J.C.Catford， 1994)”. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message， first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene Nida， 1969)”. Translation is an old and young work， which come into exist since the old times and it becomes so hot in modern times.
Translation is the need of human’s development and progress. The concept of translation can be defined from two aspects: broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized translation refers to the language and the language， language variation and language variants， such as language and nonverbal code conversion which convey the basic information. Extension of the concept is quite broad， including his translation between different languages， translation between language variation， language and other symbols of the communication conversion， etc. The contents of translation rules only emphasizes the "basic information"， does not emphasize "completely loyal". Some translation theorists put forward the understanding and translation theory， so the language and thinking are also included in the general translation.
Narrow sense translation is a linguistic activity， which is a kind of language to express the content of the faithfully expressed in another language. This definition emphasizes "translation is a language activity". The nature of translation determines the narrow sense ，which indicates that it is a human’s communicative approach in language communication， which emphasis on "one language to another language"，which ruled out unification between different variants of translation between languages， which emphasis on "faithfully"， avoiding the confusion of the translation and interpretation or rewrite. For example:"Sent someone to Coventry" refers to “reject someone”. The Coventry is a small town in UK， where the people hate soldiers very much， so when the soldier
was sent after Coventry， there will be people from the group. Look at this sentence “1 will be with you from the egg to apples”， if translated into "I will eat eggs and apples with you”.It sounds obviously puzzling. Be translation should "I will always be with you"? This is because "in the west， people always eat eggs， bread and drink milk for breakfast， and finally a dish always ended up with desserts including apple". Then， from the egg to the apple， from dawn to dusk， from the beginning until after the most. Again， such as， "fishery occupies an important position in the British Isles， so that the British fish (fish) is commonly used to represent all kinds of people， poor fish (poor)， a strange fish (eccentric)". If the translation were translated into the big fish， small fish and poor fish， can every person can really understand the meaning of it， sometimes may even make a joke.
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Different languages， may use different linguistic forms. Translation is also the social and psychological activities. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language culture before the attempting to build any bridge with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a alien way. That culture expresses its idiosyncrasies in a way that is “culture-bound”cultural words， proverbs and of course idiomatic expressions， whose origin and use are intrinsically and uniquely bound to the culture concerned. So we are called upon to do a cross - cultural translation whose success will depend on our understanding of the culture we are working with.
1.2 The concept of culture
In dictionary the definition of it is the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts， letters， manners， scholarly pursuits， etc. Or a particular form or stage of civilization， as that of a certain nation or period. Or the development or improvement of the mind by education or training. Or the behaviors， beliefs or characteristics of a particular social， ethnic， or age group.
Culture is a very broad concept， to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers， sociologists， anthropologists， historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline.
However， so far it still did not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics， about "culture" at least， it has more than two hundred kinds of different definitions. Broadly speaking， culture is a social phenomenon， is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon， is the social history remains. Rather， culture refers to a state or national history， geography， local conditions and customs， traditions， lifestyles， literature and art， behavior standards， way of thinking， values， etc.
About the relationship between translation and culture， Bassnett think the relation between culture and translation is the relation between the body and heart.， culture is the body， language is the heart. As surgeons do surgery can't ignore the body surrounding tissue， the translator can not ignore the factors of culture when they translate some material. Hatmi and Mason believe that translation is a dynamic communicative process， the translator should not only understand two languages themselves，they should have two more cultural horizons， the translator should be acted as the role of the coordinator (mediator) between the original author and the reader .
Anyhow， the translators emphasize the cultural factors of translation scholars stressed. The translator should be familiar with two cultures， introduce the primitive cultural factors in the translation activity. Whether translators' understanding of the original is correctly or not， largely depends on his understanding of the culture， the success of translation， is mainly related to culture .
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE
2.1 Religion
Everyone knows， Bible plays the role of the source in western’s life. Some statistic shows most Americans still have faith in the church. The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church， or not to believe any religion at all. There is no interference from the state or the community.
Most of the world’s religions have followers in Britain， but the majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597. While the Chinese are under the influence of Confucian School in great extent. Though the Buddhism， which spreads very well in China， is till a polytheism. This is different from westerners’ religious faith.
In China， people have faith in the Buddhism and Taoism， so there phrase arises， such as “YuDi” “FoZu” and so on. While the westerners have faith in Christian， so there arises the word “God”. In Chinese， “謀事在人，成事在天”， In English there are two different versions， (1) “man propose， heaven disposes” or “man dropose ， god disposes”. Their difference lies in the different translations of the word “天”。“天”has the strong color of Buddhism and Taoism. While the word of “God” has the oblivious color of Christian. The latter translation version is easy to understand and accept for the westerners， but can not convey the essence of connotation of it in China. The religion has great influence on English， it expresses in such phrases as “It is in God’s hand”(聽天由命)， etc.
When translation， it is very necessary for us to master the basic knowledge of religion. We can take the example of “臨時抱佛腳”. If we translated it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need”. It is very eccentric for the westerner. Why we need to embrace the Buddha’s feet sometimes? What is the use of this strange act? If we can deal it a little， it is another meaning for the westerner. We can translate it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need ----seek help at the last moment”. So the westerners always say “God” “Holy” “Goddess” etc. While we Chinese choose to take the Heaven as our faith. This truly gives us another example of the different religious belief.
Religious culture is an important part of human culture， which is made up of ethnic culture which is formed by the religious beliefs， awareness， etc. Fang Wenhua thinks different religion penetration and melt in their own language to express， only a deep understanding of many of the differences between Chinese and western culture， unique cultural connotation of understanding language， to avoid wrong translation， mistranslation， making the translation really play the role of cultural exchange. Chinese culture is extensive and profound， has a long history， in China's traditional culture， owing to the popularity of Taoism and Buddhism， there are many "the jade emperor， the view sound， bodhisattva." terms. Westerners believed in Christ thought that god created everything， many religious "god， the bible， the church， nuns，" and other words.
2.2 The psychology of culture
As different nations use different language， and their history and culture are different too. So during the process of development in every nation， they formed their own national features owning to the unique historical background and cultural background. It is very important for the forming of a nation’s psychology state. The difference of history and culture mainly reflect on the aspect of some history stories ， many taboos and preferences， and so on. We can take the number of “9” for an example， the number has special meaning in the culture of China， no matter in old times or in modern times， for it stands of the high position-- “jiujiu gui yi--the meaning of ruling the world”. While most Chinese do not like the number of “4”， for the pronunciation of it is similar with the pronunciation of “死--which means death”， especially in the number Of telephone， most people do not like the number “4” ended as the ending. As for another number “8”， which have the similar pronunciation of “發--which means fortune”.
While in the eyes of the westerners’， “4” “8” “9” is only the common signs， which do not has special meaning. As we all known， “13” is a bad number for the westerners， which means bad luck. So the number are absent in the daily life. Especially， the number of seat， the number of the floor， and so on. But in China， this number do not have this kind of meaning. For the cultural connotation of these nonlingual words represent， the translators can understand and translate them well after knowing the historical culture of every nation.
When talking about Chinese culture， people always come to the word “龍”. Because in old times， the emperor always describe themselves as “龍”，which is a symbol of “God”， which can consolidate their power， nation and land. But for the westerner， “龍” is another symbol， “a large fierce fabulous animal with wings and a long tail ， a crested head and big claws， that can break the outfire ”. So it is very strange for the westerner to see the meaning the dragon. And they will not wish their children to be the Dragon. So to avoid misunderstanding the word of dragon， we can translate the phrase “望子成龍” into “long to see one’s child succeed in life ”.
2.3 The way of thinking
Different district， different physiology， different psychology and the difference of culture will form different ways of thinking， especially the difference of culture decides the way of thinking in great extent. When translating， the translator must know the the barrier of the different culture and overcome it ， then grasp the two different thinking moods. The Chinese will take a whole thing as a organic part. While the westerner are good at logical thinking， they will take the whole thing into different part. The difference between Chinese doctor and western doctor can illustrate this point very well. Chinese doctor emphasize the measures according the whole symptom. While the western doctor emphasize headache is an illness， foot ache is another disease， they will separate the whole thing into different part.
2.4 different ways of life
Different ways of life influence on translation: from the history tradition and the real life， China has a long history of farming life， which formed the “farming”in Chinese is traditional， and is associated with the large number of idioms. If we meet the Chinese，they will ask "eat?" And according to the tradition of western English habits. They often talk about the weather.So we can only translate it into “how do you do” or “hello”.
Three different influence of custom on translation in social life and cultural exchange， different countries will be formed in the process of its peculiar customs. The differences of English custom is various， such as in the attitude to the dog， the dog in Chinese is commonly used to describe the bad things， such as "evil， a coward， bailiffs， brutal and cold blooded" etc.The British people usually use “dog” to express good meanings. however， they often be used to describe people， such as "lucky dog" (lucky)， "top dog" (VIPs)， "love me， love my dog" (love me， love my dog). Again， such as， "dead and marriage"， if we translate them into "weddings， funerals，" is inappropriate. Chinese symbol red festival， when they get married in red color， and the funeral to wear white， so the Chinese idiomatic "red" said "marriage"， "white" means "death". Westerners， however， think the white represents purity， loyalty， bride wears white，when there is a funeral they should wear black. So "funerals" is not accurate for people in British or American. And there is another example， when talked about dragon. British people often takes it as an bad word. They often refer it as “evil” or something related. But for our Chinese， we thinks that dragon is our ancestors. So they are totally different between our Chinese and the English.
Historical allusions in different countries.They have different influence on translation between English and Chinese.Two languages have been formed by historical allusion， language acquisition. These idioms simple structure， profound， often come from a single literal meaning to understand and translation. Such as "meet one's Waterloo” means totally failure for somebody in western countries.But in Chinese we cannot understand this phrase without the background it concerned.And there is another example.”一個臭皮匠，頂個諸葛亮”， they can translate it into “three cobblers equal to Zhu Geliang -----the master mind”. When we translate it， if we don’t consider the background in China， the westerners even don’t know what is Zhu Geliang. Let alone the truly meaning of the sentence. In western countries ， they don’t know the truly meaning of the sentence for the deficiency of cultural background. However， in China， even a little child can understand it with his mind abstracted.
Chinese and English， two languages are produced in different cultural background. This will lead to two languages existed in the expression of difference it the views of people. To deal with the culture differences during the process of translation， we should focus my mind on the two cultures， comprehension ability. We should also improve our cultural accomplishment. To overcome the differences between Chinese and western culture in the translating process into obstacles， make the translation vivid as possible.
Understanding the meaning of the original text while translating is not simply a matter of understanding. The language is a component of the culture， which is affected and limited by culture. In the course of translating， whether the translator has the right understanding or not， depends on his knowledge of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator， without the comparison of two culture， whether he can understanding the spoken and written language well is unimaginable. That is why we say， “learning a language is kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken”. So long as we study the culture behind the language during the process of studying a language， a large amount of culture information can be transmitted equivalently. These are comparatively simpler in translation.
Besides similarities， there are also many differences between two cultures， which from the most difficult part in translation. We must keep in mind that translation is a cross - cultural activities. When we face an original text， it may be well written， attractive， tempting and aesthetic. But if one does not know the difference between two cultures， it would be rather difficult for him to achieve the same effect in the translated work.
National culture and long history and develops with the time. Although they are very short sometimes ，their significance is far-reaching. However the thinking modes of different notions are very different sometimes . We need to make some conversion while translating the idioms.
路遙知馬力，日久見人心。 A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart
飛流直下三千尺，疑是銀河落九天。Down it cascades a sheer thousand feet， as if the Silver River were falling from Heaven!
樹倒猢猻散。 Once the tree falls， the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.
窮棒子鬧翻身，是八仙過海，各顯其能？ The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent......Note: The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
成也蕭何敗蕭何 To meet one’s Waterloo
逼上梁山 Watergate Scandal
殺手锏 Lame duck
一個和尚挑水吃，兩個和尚抬水吃，三個和尚沒水吃。 One boy is a boy， two boys half a boy， three boys no boy.
殺雞取卵 Kill the goose to get the eggs.
魚米之鄉 Milk and honey
青出于藍而勝于藍 The master is surpassed by the apprentice.
貪字變貧字 Grab all， lose all.
人不可貌相 You can not judge a horse by its saddle.
As for the ways of cohesion， English will choose hypotaxis， namely in the syntactic form using the connection words connect sentences or causes; While Chinese intentions Darataxis， which depends on the sense of cohesion rather than relying on connectors. English grammar is quite closely， pay attention to hypotaxis， precise shape. Each sentence， paragraph or paragraphs usually consists of some function words and some specific phrases， clauses. These features can represent different function or a word or phrase ideas， such as cause and effect， comparison， concessions， conditions， twist， etc. Each clause in complex sentences， distinct， clause must be guided by the subordinator. In the compound， coordinate clauses are usually connected by some punctuation marks. As we all know， Chinese is heavy parataxis， regardless of primary and secondary relationship between a lot of sentences or clauses， only through meaning for cohesion. There are some sentences which we can compare them with each other.
It is so cool that we decide to go out for a walk. 天氣涼爽，我們決定出去散步。
Where there is a will， there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
The difference between the overall thinking and inpidual thinking. Chinese culture emphasizes the overall thinking pattern no matter in old times or modern times .Harmony and unity is good embodiment of thought.
So， In Chinese as the main body of the behavior subject， often omitted， is often said that without the main clause. But western culture is different， which emphasizes the opposition of subject and object. In the embodiment of the language is what is called a subject-predicate two points. In addition to the imperative sentence， every English sentence should have a subject， or the sentence is incomplete. In the english-Chinese translation， therefore， for many Chinese sentences we need to according to the specific context for them to add the subject. There are an example of it: “眼看天就要下雨，又沒有帶雨傘，都很關著急，真不知該去哪里。 It is raining; we do not have no umbrella with us. We are all worried about it， because we do not know where to go at the moment ”.
We can see that the original words of description is not a word which can be made as the subject. But here， according to the context and context of the specific environment， when we translated into English， adding “ it “ and “ we “ as different clauses of the subject， so it make the state of the person’s mind be in harmony with the environment at the time， and totally reached the realm of "harmony between man and nature". After added the subject， which is in conformity with the English sentence --it must have a subject requirements. Also， it is in line with the European and American culture known as the separation of the subjective and the objective mode of thinking. The whole structure of the target language is complete and distinct.
2.5 Geographical environment
As we all known， England is an island country， more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers， making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. In Britain no place is over kilometers away from the sea. British people are sensitive to privacy and they do not like to talk of personal affairs such as money， wage， age， or wealth， but they are fond of discussing the weather. Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like. Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.
The weather in England is changeable， even the weather is raining at most times. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. So the people in England have special feelings about the weather and then they want to talk the weather when they meet each other. There are some examples: “a lovely day. Is not it ?” “What is the weather like today?” and so on. This is the common phrase they use when they meet. And England is a typical maritime nation. So there are a lot of idioms and phrase about the ocean. While the land of China is interior. The resource of culture have relation with the farmland and the Chinese have a special feeling with the land. For example: we can express spend money very quickly and without limited. In English， we can say “spend money like water”. And in Chinese， we can say “揮金如土”.
2.6 Geographical environment
Geographical environment has great influence on climate. At the same time， geographical environment have great influence on the the language or clause used by the local people. For example: in Chinese culture， "dong feng" is "spring wind"， summer often and intense heat relates in together， hot "scorching sun" is often used to describe the summer. And British in the western hemisphere， north temperate zone， oceanic climate， report message but is west wind in spring， a famous poet Shelley's "ode to west wind" is the song of spring. The British summer is a pleasant season， commonly used "lovely， gentle， beautiful" to describe.
PART THREE THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION
Different nationalities in greeting， appellation， thanks， compliments， apologies， farewell， phone calls etc are different. Customs is with corresponding national characteristics. As Chinese people meet each other ， they often say "hello" to each other or "where are you going?" ， "what do you do?" or "have a meal?" and so on. In Chinese culture， these words do not have any meaning. these words is just a courtesy meet， a way of greeting. For westerners， however， it is sensitive to this kind of problem. Because in their view， it is a purely private matter， which can't be casually asked. Meet greeting， like that in the western world should do according to the specific circumstances corresponding culture conversion， convert in English idioms， such as "Hi!" ， "Good morning" or "How are you?.
In terms of title， and allegations of a concepts in different languages have different application scopes. This is also decided by beauty， such as different cultural background. Because Chinese pay attention to the concept of family and the system of family is very big， so the system becomes more developed to distinguish different relations between family members. Like “sister”， “brother” and “sister” and “brother”， they are distinguished clearly between the lines. In western countries because of focus on so-called nuclear family， so family members is not too much and appellation vocabulary is not rich. Sister and brother in English can be respectively used to say sister and brother and sister and brother. So many Chinese feel they don't understand about this appellation very much. In many cases， the translation of this kind of text must be quoted so as not to cause misunderstanding. Also Cousins is also not the same in both English and Chinese kinship terms， all require that we should be careful in Chinese and foreign communication， so that communication can be re-scheduled accordingly.
To sum up， a kind of language is the product of this kind of specific culture. In cross-cultural communication， the "cultural conflict" (culture shock) phenomenon is inevitable. However， if you want to overcome these conflicts ， it may be very difficult in a short time. Because taking a language from the surface meaning to all of the ingredients in the symbolic meaning by translation all accurate expression is almost impossible. Translation of translatability is restricted by many factors， like differences in people's thinking， the different culture and regional culture differences and so on. In the process of translation， therefore， how to deal with the cultural factors becomes the translator is very important task. As a responsible for the translator， the translator should be able to accurately grasp the cultural meanings of the original， if necessary， to the original because of the cultural background in translation properly， for easy to make readers misunderstanding in the alien culture concept to make the necessary clarification， which can help the readers across the cultural pide， to achieve the best understanding.
CONSLUSIONS
All in all， any translation can not be separated from culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences， which includes history， social structure， religion，traditional customs and everyday usage. This is difficult to comprehend completely. Especially in relation to a target language， one important question is whether the translation will have any readership at all， as the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader. Whether the translator can express the original meaning or not depends on his understanding of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator， it is impossible for him to do so if he does not possess the knowledge of the two cultures. Cultural transfer requires a multi - pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and with the author’s relationship to his reader. These should be reflected in a good translation. The translator has to transmit this special cultural quality from one language to another. So we should pay much attention to the relationship between culture and translation when we are doing translation.
Bibliography
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