時間：2022-11-27 11:31:44
開篇：寫作不僅是一種記錄，更是一種創造，它讓我們能夠捕捉那些稍縱即逝的靈感，將它們永久地定格在紙上。下面是小編精心整理的12篇英文畢業論文，希望這些內容能成為您創作過程中的良師益友，陪伴您不斷探索和進步。
現如今，隨著世界文化的相互貫通，英語也已經成為了國際交流語言，那么作為英語專業的你而言是否清楚英文畢業論文致謝應該怎么來撰寫呢？下面是學術參考網小編為朋友們搜集整理的英文畢業論文致謝，歡迎閱讀！
英語專業畢業論文致謝詞
Acknowledgements
MydeepestgratitudegoesfirstandforemosttoProfessoraaa，mysupervisor，forherconstantencouragementandguidance.Shehaswalkedmethroughallthestagesofthewritingofthisthesis.Withoutherconsistentandilluminatinginstruction，thisthesiscouldnothavereacheditspresentform.
Second，IwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetoProfessoraaa，wholedmeintotheworldoftranslation.IamalsogreatlyindebtedtotheprofessorsandteachersattheDepartmentofEnglish：Professordddd，Professorssss，whohaveinstructedandhelpedmealotinthepasttwoyears.
Lastmythankswouldgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirlovingconsiderationsandgreatconfidenceinmeallthroughtheseyears.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhogavemetheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmeworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis
2. British English and American English 2
2.1The history of British English 3
2.2 The history of American English 4
3. Grammar differences between British English and American English 6
3.1 Lexical differences 6
3.1.1The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms 7
3.1.2 Differences in verb 7
3.1.2.1 Differences in the inflectional endings of verbs 7
3.1.2.2Different use of present perfect tenses 8
3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs 8
3.1.2.4 Different use of "have" 9
3.1.3 Different use of function words 9
3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb 9
3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb 10
3.1.3.3 Differences in articles 11
3.2 Syntactical differences 12
3.2.1 Differences in compound object 12
3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements 13
3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood 13
4. The differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English 14
5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English 17
6. Conclusion 17
Acknowledgements 19
References 19
1．Introduction
There is one play in the famous American TV series Friends: Ross will go to England to marry Emily, suddenly Rachel decides to show his love to Ross and goes to England either, so his friend Phoebe makes a call to tell the news to Ross and Emily, Emily’s housekeeper answers the call. The dialogue as follows:
Housekeeper: The Waltham Residence.
Phoebe: Oh...yes…is this…umm…Emily’s Parents’ house?
Housekeeper: This is the housekeeper speaking. And by the way, young lady, that is not how one addresses oneself on the telephone. First one identifies oneself and then asks for the person with whom one wishes to speak.
Phoebe: (In a British accent)This is Phoebe Buffay. I was wondering, please, if-if it’s not too much trouble, please, umm，might I speak to Miss Emily Waltham, please?
Housekeeper: Miss Waltham is at the rehearsal dinner and it’s not polite to make fun of people. Goodbye.
Phoebe: No,no,no, I’ll be nice, I swear!!! Could you just give me the number for where they are?
Housekeeper: I’m afraid, I’m not at liberty to divulge that information.
Phoebe: Ok, somebody is on their way to ruin wedding okay. And I have to warn somebody, alright. So if you don’t give me that number then I’m going to come over there and kick your snooty ass all the way to New Glocken...shire.
Housekeeper: Hangs up[1]
We can see from the above dialogue that British English is more serious and formal than American English. The American speaks at will while the Englishmen speak gently. As we all know the two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. There seems to be little differences between the two varieties but the influences are very different. On some occasion we may have some mistakes in communication, in order to help the English speakers and learners understand the two varieties better and to eliminate troubles that may prevent communication and English writing, so I will make analysis on the grammar differences between British English and American English.
2. British English and American English
Nowadays English has developed into a global language. The fact that such a large number of people all around the world speak English means that there are many dialects and varieties. The two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. As a message carrier, English fully reflects the unique culture possessed by the British and American countries. Since in Dissertations on the English Language, Noah Webster pointed out “several circumstances render a feature separation of the American tongue from the English necessary and unavoidable.”
2.1 The History of British English
English is a West Germanic language which originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually came to dominate. The original Old English language was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree, though it was never a truly mixed language in the strict linguistic sense of the word, as mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication.
Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English; the later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility, resulting in an enormous and varied vocabulary. It mainly divided into four periods.
（1）Proto-English （the 5th century AD）[2]
The languages of Germanic tribes gave rise to the English language (the Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes and perhaps even the Franks), who traded and fought with the Latin-speaking Roman Empire in the centuries-long process of the Germanic peoples' expansion into Western Europe. Many Latin words for common objects entered the vocabulary of these Germanic peoples before any of their tribes reached Britain; examples include camp, cheese, cook, fork, inch, kettle, kitchen, linen, mile, mill, mint (coin), noon, pillow, pin, pound, punt (boat), street and wall. The Romans also gave the English language words which they had themselves borrowed from other languages: anchor, butter, chest, devil, dish, sack and wine.
（2）Old English（AD 450—1100）[2]
The invaders' Germanic language replaced the indigenous Brythonic languages. （form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family, the other being Goidelic）The original Celtic languages remained in parts of Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. The dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons formed what is now called Old English. Later, it was strongly influenced by the North Germanic language Norse, spoken by the Vikings （is one of the Norse (Scandinavian) explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the late eighth to the early eleventh century.）who invaded and settled mainly in the north-east of England. The new and the earlier settlers spoke languages from different branches of the Germanic family; many of their lexical roots were the same or similar, although their grammars were more distinct, including the prefix, suffix and inflection patterns for many words. The Germanic language of these Old English-speaking inhabitants was influenced by contact with Norse invaders, which might have been responsible for some of the morphological simplification of Old English, including the loss of grammatical gender and explicitly marked case (with the notable exception of the pronouns). The most famous surviving work from the Old English period is a fragment of the epic poem "Beowulf" composed by an unknown poet; it is thought to have been substantially modified, probably by Christian clerics long after its composition.
（3）Middle English（AD 1066-1470）[2]
For about 300 years following the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Norman kings and their high nobility spoke only one of the langues d'oïl called Anglo-Norman, whilst English continued to be the language of the common people. Various contemporary sources suggest that within fifty years of the invasion, most of the Normans outside the royal court spoke English, with French remaining the prestige language of government and law, largely out of social inertia. For example, Orderic Vitalis, a historian born in 1075 and the son of a Norman knight, said that he learned French only as a second language. A tendency for French-derived words to have more formal connotations has continued to the present day; most modern English speakers would consider a "cordial reception" (from French) to be more formal than a "hearty welcome" (Germanic). Another example is the very unusual construction of the words for animals being separated from the words for their food products e.g. beef and pork (from the French bœuf and porc) being the products of the Germanically named animals 'cow' and 'pig'.
（4）Modern English（1500 up to the present）[2]
Modern English can be divided into two parts: early modern english(1500-1800)and late modern English. Modern English is often dated from the Great Vowel Shift, which took place mainly during the 15th century. English was further transformed by the spread of a standardized London-based dialect in government and administration and by the standardizing effect of printing. By the time of William Shakespeare (mid-late 16th century), the language had become clearly recognizable as Modern English.
English has continuously adopted foreign words, especially from Latin and Greek, since the Renaissance. (In the 17th century, Latin words were often used with the original inflections, but these eventually disappeared). As there are many words from different languages and English spelling is variable, the risk of mispronunciation is high, but remnants of the older forms remain in a few regional dialects, most notably in the West Country.
In 1755, Samuel Johnson published the first significan t English dictionary, his Dictionary of the English Language.
2.2 The history of American English
During the 17th century, or more precisely on May 14, 1607, the first English settlers landed in Virginia. This was a group of 104 London entrepreneurs and they established the first English colony in Jamestown. Later on, in 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers, settlers from England, landed in Massachusetts, and also brought the English language over the Atlantic Ocean to America and another variety of English was born, American English. This variety is the largest of all the English varieties, since as many as 70% of the native English speakers live in the US. American English has preserved a number of words and features from the English spoken in England at the time of the settlement, which have now been changed in British English.
The history of American English can be divided into the colonial (1607-1776), the national (1776-1898), and the international (1898-present) periods. During nearly four hundred years of use in North America, the English language changed in small ways in pronunciation and grammar but extensively in vocabulary and in the attitude of its speakers. English settlements along the Atlantic Coast during the seventeenth century provided the foundation for English as a permanent language in the New World. But the English of the American colonies was bound to become distinct from that of the motherland. When people do not talk with one another, they begin to talk differently. The Atlantic Ocean served as an effective barrier to oral communication between the colonists and those who stayed in England, ensuring that their speech would evolve in different directions.[3]
Americans also came cheek-to-jowl with "Amerindians" of several linguistic stocks, as well as French and Dutch speakers. They had to talk in new ways to communicate with their new neighbors. Moreover, the settlers had come from various districts and social groups of England, so there was a homogenizing effect: those in a given colony came to talk more like one another and less like any particular community in England. All these influences combined to make American English a distinct variety of the language. In the United States, there are also regional differences, and these are ultimately descendants of a mixture of accents spoken in the British Isles at the time of the settlement of America. Dialect boundaries in the US tend to run from east to west. The first immigrants settled along the Atlantic coast and they spread from east to west across the continent and took some dialect forms, for example words and pronunciation features, with them. The dialect areas in North America are much larger than they are in England, mainly because English has been spoken in England for about 1,500 years, but in America for only approximately 300 years. Because of America’s recent settlement, there has not been enough time for linguistic changes and this is why there are not so many dialect differences in this large country.
3. Grammar differences between British English and American English
English grammar is the set of rules within the English language itself. "An English grammar"(one kind of grammar system)is a specific study or analysis of these rules. In linguistics, grammar refers to the logical and structural rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes lexicology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. I mainly make analysis on the lexical and syntactical differences between British English and American English.
3.1 Lexical Differences
Lexicology is that part of linguistics which studies words, their nature and meaning, words’ elements, relations between words (semantical relations), words groups and the whole lexicon. Lexical differences mean relating to the words’ differences of a language.
3.1.1 The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms
Collective nouns such as “team, faculty, family, government” often take plural verb agreement and plural pronoun substitution in Britain English, but they nearly always take singular agreement and singular pronoun substitution in American English. There is a tendency in Britain English, to stress the individuality of the members, which is reflected in plural verb agreement and pronoun substitution, whereas American English Strongly tends to stress the unitary function of the group, which is reflected in singular verb and pronoun forms.[4] 6
Some examples:
Your team is doing well this year, isn’t it? (AmE)
Your team are doing well this year, aren’t they? (BrE)
3.1.2 Differences in Verb
In syntax, a verb is a word (part of speech) that usually denotes an action (bring, read), an occurrence (decompose, glitter), or a state of being (exist, stand). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments (subject, object).
3.1.2.1 Differences in the Inflectional Endings of Verbs
The past tense and past participle of the verbs are different in BrE and AmE.
The past tense and past participle of the verbs learn, spoil, spell, burn, dream, smell, spill, leap, and others, can be either irregular (learnt, spoilt, etc.) or regular (learned, spoiled, etc.). In BrE, the irregular and regular forms are current; in some cases (smelt, leapt) there is a strong tendency towards the irregular forms (especially by speakers using Received Pronunciation); in other cases (dreamed, leaned, learned) the regular forms are somewhat more common. In AmE, the irregular forms are never or rarely used (except for burnt and leapt).
Nonetheless, as with other usages considered nowadays to be typically British, the t endings are often found in older American texts. However, usage may vary when the past participles are actually adjectives, as in burnt toast.( Note that the two-syllable form learned ['lə:nid] usually written simply as learnt, is still used as an adjective to mean "educated", or to refer to academic institutions, in both BrE and AmE.)Finally, the past tense and past participle of dwell and kneel are more commonly dwelt and knelt on both sides of the Atlantic, although dwelled and kneeled are widely used in the US (but not in the UK).
In British English, the past tense of “get’’ is “got”, while American English usually use its past participle “gotten”.
For example,
A. John has got much better during the last week. (BrE)
B. John has gotten much better during the last week. (AmE)
According to the custom that British English usually uses “got” while American English “gotten”, we can quickly tell the nationality of the speaker. The former is British and the later is American. When Americans use “got”, they mean “own, possess and dominate”, such as the following two examples:
They’ve got no pride.
I’ve got plenty of material if I can just handle it.
3.1.2.2 Different use of present perfect tenses
Traditionally, BrE uses the present perfect tense to talk about an event in the recent past(express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment) and with the words already, just, and yet. For example:
British English:[5]
I've just had lunch
I've already seen that film
Have you finished your homework yet?
American English:[5]
I just had lunch or I've just had lunch.
I've already seen that film OR I already saw that film.
Have your finished your homework yet? Or did you finish your homework yet?
In American usage, these meanings can be expressed with the present perfect (to express a fact) or the simple past (to imply an expectation). This American style has become widespread only in the past 20 to 30 years; the British style is still in common use as well. In British English the present perfect is used to.
"I've just arrived home." / "I just arrived home."
"I've already eaten." / "I already ate." [6]
Recently, the American use of just with simple past has made inroads into BrE, most visibly in advertising slogans and headlines such as "Cable broadband just got faster".
Similarly, AmE occasionally replaces the pluperfect with the preterite. Also, US spoken usage sometimes, especially with the contracted forms, substitutes the conditional for the pluperfect (If I would have cooked the pie we could have had it for lunch), but this tends to be avoided in writing.[6]
3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs
The following verbs show differences in transitivity between BrE and AmE.[6]
agree: transitive or intransitive in BrE, usually intransitive in AmE (agree a contract/agree to or on a contract). However, in formal AmE legal writing one often sees constructions like as may be agreed between the parties (rather than as may be agreed upon between the parties).
appeal(as a decision): usually intransitive in BrE (used with against) and transitive in AmE (appeal against the decision to the Court/appeal the decision to the Court).
cater("to provide food and service"): intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (to cater for a banquet/to cater a banquet).
claim: sometimes intransitive in BrE (used with for), strictly transitive in AmE.
protest: in the sense of "oppose", intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (The workers protested against the decision/The workers protested the decision). The intransitive protest against in AmE means, "to hold or participate in a demonstration against". The older sense "proclaim" is always transitive (protest one's innocence).
write: in BrE, the indirect object of this verb usually requires the preposition to, for example, I'll write to my MP or I'll write to her (although it is not required in some situations, for example when an indirect object pronoun comes before a direct object noun, for example, I'll write her a letter). In AmE, write can be used monotransitively (I'll write my congressman; I'll write him).
3.1.2.4 Different use of “have”.
British English usually uses “Have you any children?” or “Have you got any
children?” while Americans commonly express the same meaning with “Do you have any children?”Let us see some other examples.
How many brothers do you have? (AmE)
How many brothers have you? (BrE)
You don’t have much room here. (AmE)
You haven’t (got) much room here. (BrE)
3.1.3 Different use of function words
Function words (or grammatical words) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Words that are not function words are called content words (or lexical words): these include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although some adverbs are function words (e.g., then and why). Dictionaries define the specific meanings of content words, but can only describe the general usages of function words. By contrast, grammars describe the use of function words in detail, but treat lexical words in general terms only. Now I will compare the different use of function words in BrE and AE in detail as follows.
3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb
Differences between British and American English in prepositions are shown in the following two aspects: (1) different use of prepositions in the construction of phrases; (2) when using phrases, one will use a preposition while the other will omit it.
(1)Let us first review the different use of prepositions.
Your daughter’s name stands first in the list. (BrE)
Your daughter’s name stands first on the list. (AmE)
These dresses are in a sale. (BrE)
These dresses are on sale. (AmE)
He will come here at a quarter to three. (BrE, AmE)
He will come here at a quarter before /of / till three. (AmE)
She lives just round the corner (BrE).[7]4
She lives just around the corner (AmE).
Similarly, “five past nine” can be expressed in American English by “five after nine” or “nine five”. In front of “weekend” and “Christmas”, British English uses “at” or “over”, while American English adopts “over” or “on”.
At the weekend / Christmas (BrE)
Over the weekend / Christmas (BrE, AmE)
On the weekend / Christmas (AmE)
(2) Omitting preposition[8]2
In British English, before “day”, “week” or “certain day”, preposition “on” shall be used, while it is not so in American English.
The new term begins on September 1. (BrE)
The new term begins September 1. (AmE)
I’ll see you on Monday. (BrE)
I’ll see you Monday. (AmE)
In American English, when “home” is used as an adverb, the preposition “at” is not needed. But, in British English, “at” is required before “home”. Hence, “at home” is used in British English.
Is he home? (AmE)
Is he at home? (BrE)
3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb
In linguistics, an auxiliary is a verb functioning to give further semantic or syntactic information about the main or full verb following it. There are three types: Modal auxiliaries，have and go.
No matter in the frequency or the tendency of auxiliary verb, AmE differs from BrE. Their differences are stated as follows:.
(1)shall
Shall in BrE, is widely used in the fist person to raise questions, answer questions ,or to express future, while in AmE it is only used in the law file or informal style paper. In formal style paper, people usually use will or should. Such as:
Br.E:1)I shall tell you later.
Am.E:1)I will tell you later.
2)Shall I drink this now?
2)Should I drink this now?
(2)would[9]2
Would has two special usages in AmE, firstly it can show the usual action in the past. such as: When I was small, I would go there everyday.
However in BrE, the past tense or used to can express the past uaual action, therefore in BrE the above sentence should be changed into: When I was small, I went there everyday. Or When I was wmall, I used to go there everyday.
Secondly, would in AmE can express hypothesis in some informal language, quite like a kind of subjunctive mood, however in BrE not.
Try to compare:
Am.E:1)I wish I would have done it.
2)If I would have seen one, I would have bought it for you.
Br.E(it also the same with AmE):1)I wish I had done it.
2)If I had seen one, I would have bought it for you.
In Br.E, “would” and “will” can express suppose, while in Am.E the auxiliary verb “should” and “must” express supposition. Try to compare:
Br.E:1)That will be the postman at the door.
2)That would be zhongshan Road over there.
Am.E: 1)That must be (should be)the mailman at the door.
2)That should be(must be)Zhongshan Rood over there.
(3)used to
“Used to” in AmE is not seen as Modal auxiliary, but seen as notional word. To the opposite, in Br.E, used to is just seen as modal auxiliary, can offer or deny questions, also can be used as notional word but people use “do” to offer or deny questions. For example:
1)He used to go there.(notional verb)
Did he use to go there.(notional verb)
2)Used he to go there.(auxiliary verb)
He used not to go there.(auxiliary verb)
(4)ought to[9]6
“Ought to” is widely used in BrE to raise or deny questions, but in AmE use “should” to substitute for it, such as:
Br.E:1)Ought we to eat lunch?
Am.E:1)Should we eat lunch?
2)You ought not(oughtn’t) to have said that. 2)You shouldn’t have said that.
In AmE, ought to and used to are all used as notional verbs in the informal papers and such forms are said to be not standard forms. For example:
1)Did you ought to say that?
2)You didn’t ought to have said that.
(5) Different use of the indefinite pronoun “one”
In BrE we can use “one” to indicate the “one” of the former writing again while in AmE we usually use “he” or “his” to instead the “one” of the former writing. For instance:
One cannot succeed unless one works hard.(BrE)
One cannot succeed unless he works hard.(AmE)
3.1.3.3 Differences in articles[19]
(1)The omitting of articles
Most phrases of British English have articles, while those of American English do not have. The “the” in the standard expressions in British English “all the afternoon”, “all the winter”, “all the week”, “this time of the year”, ect. But the articles are usually omitted in American English. For example:
The swimming pools are open all summer.
I’ll be here all afternoon.
He has been gone all week.
British English will use articles in front of “sickness”, “river” and etc., while American English does not. For example,
British English expresses in the form of “the measles”, “the mumps”, “the flu”, “the Niagara Falls” and “the Black Creek”, while American English says “measles”, “mumps”, “flu”, “Niagara Falls” and “Black Creek”.
However, there are exceptions. In some expressions, British English does not use articles, while American English does.
BrE AmE
Go into hospital Go into the hospital
In hospital In the hospital
At university At the university
Sentences are as follows:
Next day, the rain began. (BrE)
The next day, the rain began. (AmE)
In future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (BrE)
In the future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (AmE)
(2) The position of articles
British English and American English are different from each other in the use of “a” or “an” with “half”. In British English, “a” follows “half”, for example, “half a dozen”, “half an hour”, “half a mile”, and “half a pound”. In American English, “a” is put in front of “half”, for example, “a half dozen”, “a half hour”, “a half mile” and “a half pound”.
3.2 Syntactical differences
Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages. The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit. Based on one or more than one clause, the sentence is also the basic linguistic unit of connected discourse; it can stand alone and perform a function in social communication. Thus, a sentence can be defined as a grammatical unit that can perform a communicative function. I will explain the syntactic differences as follows.
3.2.1Differences in compound object[20]
The Verb“ -to do” usually used as compound object in British English, While past participle or past participle phrase mostly used as compound object in American English. Try to compare:
1)He also had ordered his luggage to be labeled for crew.(Bronte.) (BrE)
2)Last year an American hotel manager ordered his quests evacuated after an anonymous bomb threat.(AmE)
3)I have a roll that was in dead storage during the war which I ordered put back in running order. (O' Hara) (AmE)
The two compound structures (compound object with past participle and compound object with –to do) are both used in the BrE and AmE, while the AmE use compound object more frequent ly than BrE. However, there are some differences in the routine usage of Verb related to this phrase structure. The verb “to order” usually linked with the compound structure with past participle in AmE, but linked with the compound structure with “verb -to do” in BrE.
3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements[11]
Where a statement of intention involves two separate activities, it is acceptable for speakers of AmE to use to go plus bare infinitive. Speakers of BrE would instead use to go and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say I'll go take a bath, BrE speakers would say I'll go and have a bath. (Both can also use the form to go to instead to suggest that the action may fail, as in He went to take/have a bath, but the bath was full of children.) Similarly, to come plus bare infinitive is acceptable to speakers of AmE, where speakers of BrE would instead use to come and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say come see what I bought, BrE speakers would say come and see what I've bought (notice the present perfect tense: a common British preference).
As to whether a preposition is used before days denoted by a single word, British people would say she resigned on Thursday, while Americans often say she resigned Thursday, but both forms are common in American usage. Occasionally, in AmE the preposition is also absent when referring to months: I'll be here December (although this usage is generally limited to colloquial speech).But, it will say “I’ll be here on December.” in BrE.
In the UK, from is used with single dates and times more often than in the United States. Where British speakers and writers may say the new museum will be open from Tuesday, Americans most likely say the new museum will be open starting Tuesday. (This difference does not apply to phrases of the pattern from A to B, which are used in both BrE and AmE.) A variation or alternative of this is the most American will say “the play opens Tuesday” and the most British will say “the play opens on Tuesday”. American legislators and lawyers always use the preposition of between the name of a legislative act and the year it was passed, while their British colleagues do not. We can see such differences by making comparison between Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Disability Discrimination Act 1995.
3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood used more in AmE than in BrE, which is mainly used in the formal style paper.
In subjunctive mood, American English will rarely reserve traditional subjunctive words.
I suggest that meeting be postponed. (AmE)
I suggest that meeting should be postponed. (BrE)
I wish I had done it. (AmE)
I wish I would have done it. (BrE)
4. The grammatical differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English
Black English also called African American Vernacular English which is an African American variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of American English.There are four points in which black English differs from British English.
1)Negation
In addition, negatives are formed differently from standard American English:
Use of ain't as a general negative indicator. It can be used where Standard English would use am not, isn't, aren't, haven't and hasn't, a trait which is not specific to AAVE. However, in marked contrast to other varieties of English in the U.S., some speakers of AAVE also use ain't instead of don't, doesn't, or didn't (e.g., I ain't know that).[14] Ain't had its origins in common English, but became increasingly stigmatized since the 19th century. See also amn't.
Negative concord, popularly called "double negation", as in I didn't go nowhere; if the sentence is negative, all negatable forms are negated. This contrasts with Standard English, where a double negative is considered a positive (although this wasn't always so; see double negative). There is also "triple" or "multiple negation", as in the phrase I don't know nothing about no one no more, which would be "I don't know anything about anybody anymore" in Standard English.
In a negative construction, an indefinite pronoun such as nobody or nothing can be inverted with the negative verb particle for emphasis (eg. Don't nobody know the answer, Ain't nothin' goin' on.)
While these are features that AAVE has in common with Creole languages,[15] Howe and Walker use data from early recordings of African Nova Scotian English, Samaná English, and the recordings of former slaves to demonstrate that negation was inherited from nonstandard colonial English.
Some of these characteristics, notably doubl e negatives and the omission of certain auxiliaries such as the has in has been are also characteristic of general colloquial American English.
2)The omission of copula in black English
You crazy! ("You're crazy") or She my sister ("She's my sister"). The phenomenon is also observed in questions: Who you? ("Who're you?") and Where you at? ("Where are you (at)?"). On the other hand, a stressed is cannot be dropped: She is my sister.
Only the forms is and are (the latter of which, in any case, is often replaced by is) can be omitted. These forms cannot be omitted when they are pronounced with a stress (whether or not the stress serves specifically to impart an emphatic sense to the verb's meaning).
These forms cannot be omitted when the corresponding form in Standard English cannot show contraction (and vice-versa). For example, I don't know where he is cannot be reduced to (BrE) I don't know where he because in Standard English the corresponding reduction I don't know where he's is likewise impossible. (Though I don't know where he at is possible.) Possibly some other minor conditions apply as well.[16]
3)Present-tense verbs uninflected for number/person
there is no -s ending in the present-tense third-person singular. Example: She write poetry ("She writes poetry"). Similarly, was is used for what in standard English are contexts for both was and were.[17]
4)The word it or is denoting the existence of something
This usage is equivalent to Standard English there in "there is", or "there are". It is also found in the English of the US South. Examples its a doughnut in the cabinet ("There's a doughnut in the cabinet") and It ain't no spoon ("There isn't a spoon", also "They ain't no spoon").[17]
5) Altered syntax in questions
Why they ain't growin'? ("Why aren't they growing?") and Who the hell she think she is? ("Who the hell does she think she is?") lack the inversion of standard English. Because of this, there is also no need for the auxiliary DO.[18]
To put it simply, we can summarize the grammatical differences between British and American daily English as follows[19]:
(1) Sometimes, British and American English use different grammatical forms to express the same meaning;
(2) Sometimes, the same grammatical form expresses different meanings in British and American English;
(3) In some structures, either British English or American English will use integrated grammatical form, while the other adopts the omitted form;
(4) Sometimes, American and British English use the same grammatical form to express the same concept and meaning.
However, one of them may have another expression form, while the other does not. We could only avoid misunderstanding by paying attention to those differences in our study.
5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English
The English language changes as the rapid development of politics, economic, culture in Britain and American. After it goes through the three periods (old English, middle English and modern English),it also changes everyday, especially in the related ten years, the changes of English becomes more obvious. Although the English structure is not as obvious as the lexical development, it does not ignore. On the aspect of grammar, English experience the changes from the verb inflections of old English to use word in order to express meaning in the past 1500years, and English also become analytic language from synthetic language. Such experience makes English flexible, meanwhile it also broke the traditional grammar frame, the former disagreed rules transferred into acceptable English even native English. The speed on renewing lexical words is very fast.
On the whole, British English and American English fuse with each other, and they tend to be brief, clear and more flexible for use.
6．Conclusion
As the globalization and information world developed, more and more people from different countries use the same language―English to communicate and exchange ideas with each other. The above discussion about grammar difference between British English and American English is what I have found and concluded. Although there are many differences in detailed aspects in the use of daily British and American English, they are similar to each other in most of aspects. Therefore, they shall only be considered as different forms of the same language rather than two different languages. In addition, we cannot say which one is better or advanced. Any judgment or opinion that “British English is better or worse than American English” is biased. The purpose of this paper is to help English learners understand the two varieties better and eliminate some mistakes caused in communication or paper writing.
The differences between the British English and American English are caused by politics, economy, social life, culture, and geography. American English developed from British English, but it differs from British English. All in all, sinc e English is characterized by its huge vocabulary, great tolerance, and conciseness, it leaves little room for argument that English will be well on its way to be a diversified common language.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Zhu Min, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Mao Can、Gao YunPing and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
References
[1] 周樂, 美式英語與英式英語比較與分析[J]. 湖南商學院外語系,2008.
[2] Wikipedia Contributors
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_English_language
[3] blog.languagetranslation.com/public/item/118655
[4] 王振明和公麗艷，英式英語與美式英語的差異[J]. 山東教育學院學報,2002.
[5] esl.about.com/od/toeflieltscambridge/a/dif_ambrit.htm
[6]en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences#Use_of_tenses
[7] 孟憲友，英語與美語的差別對比研究[J]. 廣州大學外國語學院英語系,2002.
, Jour.of N.W. SCI-TECH Uni.of Agri.and Fore,2001.
, Journal of Shijiazhuang Teachers College,2001
, Journal of Wuhu Vocational Institute of Technology,2007
[11]Wikipedia Contributors
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences
, Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Social Sciences), 2007
[13]張振邦,新編語法教程[M].上海,上海教育出版社,1993
, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
[15] Winford, Donald (1992), "Back to the past: The BEV/creole connection revisited", Language Variation and Change 4 (3): 311-357
[16] Geoff Pullum, "Why Ebonics Is No Joke" Lingua Franca transcript, 17 October 1998, Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
[17] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Negation
[18] Green, Lisa J., African American English: A Linguistic Introduction[M], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002
一、畢業論文（設計）撰寫結構要求
1、題目：應簡潔、明確、有概括性，字數不宜超過20個字。
2、摘要：要有高度的概括力，語言精練、明確。同時有中、英文對照，中文摘要約300—400漢字；英文摘要約200—300個實詞。
3、關鍵詞：從論文標題或正文中挑選3～5個最能表達主要內容的詞作為關鍵詞，同時有中、英文對照，分別附于中、英文摘要后。
4、目錄：寫出目錄，標明頁碼。
5、正文：
（1）畢業論文正文：包括前言、本論、結論三個部分。
前言（引言）是論文的開頭部分，主要說明論文寫作的目的、現實意義、對所研究問題的認識，并提出論文的中心論點等。前言要寫得簡明扼要，篇幅不要太長。
本論是畢業論文的主體，包括研究內容與方法、實驗材料、實驗結果與分析（討論）等。在本部分要運用各方面的研究方法和實驗結果，分析問題，論證觀點，盡量反映出自己的科研能力和學術水平。
結論是畢業論文的收尾部分，是圍繞本論所作的結束語。其基本的要點就是總結全文，加深題意。
（2）畢業設計說明書正文包括前言、本論、結論三個部分。
前言（引言）：說明本設計的目的、意義、范圍及應達到的技術要求；簡述本課題在國內外的發展概況及存在的問題；本設計的指導思想；闡述本設計應解決的主要問題。
本論：
①設計方案論證：說明設計原理并進行方案選擇。說明為什么要選擇這個設計方案（包括各種方案的分析、比較）；闡述所采用方案的特點（如采用了何種新技術、新措施、提高了什么性能等）。
②計算部分：這部分在設計說明書中應占有相當的比例。要列出各零部件的工作條件、給定的參數、計算公式以及各主要參數計算的詳細步驟和計算結果；根據此計算應選用什么原器件或零部件；對應采用計算機的設計還應包括各種軟件設計。
③結構設計部分：包括機械結構設計、各種電氣控制線路設計及功能電路設計、計算機控制的硬件裝置設計等，以及以上各種設計所繪制的圖紙。
④樣機或試件的各種實驗及測試情況：包括實驗方法、線路及數據處理等。
⑤方案的校驗：說明所設計的系統是否滿足各項性能指標的要求，能否達到預期效果。校驗的方法可以是理論驗算（即反推算），包括系統分析；也可以是實驗測試及計算機的上機運算等。
結論：概括說明設計的情況和價值，分析其優點和特色、有何創新、性能達到何水平，并應指出其中存在的問題和今后改進的方向。
6、謝辭：簡述自己通過做畢業論文（設計）的體會，并應對指導教師和協助完成論文（設計）的有關人員表示謝意。
7、參考文獻：在畢業論文（設計說明書）末尾要列出在論文（設計）中參考過的專著、論文及其他資料，所列參考文獻應按文中參考或引證的先后順序排列。
8、注釋：在論文（設計說明書）寫作過程中，有些問題需要在正文之外加以闡述和說明。
9、附錄：對于一些不宜放在正文中，但有參考價值的內容，可編入附錄中。例如，公式的推演、編寫的算法、語言程序等。
二、畢業論文（設計）撰寫格式要求
1、畢業論文一律打印，采取A4紙張，頁邊距一律采取：上、下2.5cm，左3cm,右1.5cm，行間距取多倍行距（設置值為1.25）；字符間距為默認值（縮放100%，間距：標準），封面采用教學管理部統一規定的封面。
2、字體要求
論文所用字體要求為宋體。
3、字號
第一層次題序和標題用小三號黑體字；第二層次題序和標題用四號黑體字；第三層次及以下題序和標題與第二層次同；正文用小四號宋體。
4、頁眉及頁碼
畢業論文各頁均加頁眉，采用宋體五號宋體居中，打印“河北大學工商學院XXXX屆本科生畢業論文（設計）”。頁碼從正文開始在頁腳按阿拉伯數字（宋體小五號）連續編排，居中書寫。
5、摘要及關鍵詞
中文摘要及關鍵詞：“摘要”二字采用三號字黑體、居中書寫，“摘”與“要”之間空兩格，內容采用小四號宋體。“關鍵詞”三字采用小四號字黑體，頂格書寫，一般為3—5個。
英文摘要應與中文摘要相對應，字體為小四號TimesNewRoman。
6、目錄
“目錄”二字采用三號字黑體、居中書寫，“目”與“錄”之間空兩格，第一級層次采用小三號宋體字，其他級層次題目采用四號宋體字。
7、正文
正文的全部標題層次應整齊清晰，相同的層次應采用統一的字體表示。第一級為“一”、“二”、“三”、等，第二級為“1.1”、“1.2”、“1.3”等，第三級為“1.1.1”、“1.1.2”等，具體格式要求詳見模板（模板從教務處主頁下載專區下載）。
8、參考文獻
參考文獻要另起一頁，一律放在正文后，在文中要有引用標注，如×××[1]，具體格式要求詳見模板（模板從教務處主頁下載專區下載）。
9、外文資料及譯文
外文資料可用A4紙復印，如果打印，采用小四號TimesNewRoman字體；譯文采用小四號宋體打印，格式參照畢業論文（設計）文本格式要求，譯文一般不少于2000字。
10、圖、表、公式
圖：a.要精選、簡明，切忌與表及文字表述重復。
b.圖中術語、符號、單位等應同文字表述一致。
c.圖序及圖名居中置于圖的下方，用五號字宋體。
表：a.表中參數應標明量和單位的符號。
b.表序及表名置于表的上方。
c.表序、表名和表內內容采用五號宋體字。
公式：a.編號用括號括起寫在右邊行末，其間不加虛線。
b.公式中的英文字母和數字可以采用默認的字體和字號。
圖、表與正文之間要有一行的間距，公式與正文之間不需空行；文中的圖、表、附注、公式一律采用阿拉伯數字分章編號。如：圖2-5，表3-2，公式（5-1）（“公式”兩個字不要寫上）等。若圖或表中有附注，采用英文小寫字母順序編號。
11、量和單位
要嚴格執行GB3100—3102：93有關量和單位的規定（具體要求請參閱《常用量和單位》，計量出版社，1996）；物理量用斜體，單位用正體；
單位名稱的書寫，可以采用國際通用符號，也可以用中文名稱，但全文應統一，不要兩種混用。
12、標點符號
注意中英文標點符號的區別，不能混用。
三、畢業論文（設計）裝訂存檔要求
1、畢業論文（設計）資料應包括任務書、開題報告、畢業論文（設計）文本、外文資料及譯文、畢業論文（設計）成績評定表等。
很多同學都不清楚論文的寫作方法，關注學術參考網可以幫大家解決所有的論文難題，本篇主要是向大家介紹了漢語言文學畢業論文寫作指導，歡迎大家閱讀借鑒。
【漢語言文學畢業論文寫作指導】
一、基本要求：
1.畢業論文應由學生本人在專業教師的指導下獨立完成。
2.不得抄襲和剽竊他人成果。
3.畢業論文選題原則上一人一題。
4.畢業論文應當具備學術文體的一般特征。調查報告、工作總結及文學作品等各類非學術文體的文章不能作為畢業論文。
5.畢業論文字數要求：正文字數本科6000字以上，專科3000字以上(指論文主體部分，不包括前置部分和附錄部分)。
二、進程計劃
1、7月布置論文寫作進程。
2、9月15日前，學生完成畢業論文初稿，將初稿交至班主任。
3、10月15日前，指導教師通知學生修改，學生應在指導教師的指導下修改二稿，并做修改記錄；
4、11月15日前，在教師的指導下，學生完成論文的三稿。
5、12月1日前最終定稿。
6、12月中旬本科學生參加論文答辯。(具體時間再另行通知)
三、注意事項
1、每周主動和指導教師聯系一次，匯報進展，聽取指導教師意見，中期將書面報告材料交指導教師。
2、獨立完成任務，杜絕抄襲、網上下載、請人等弄虛作假的行為。
3、若不能按進程要求完成的，指導教師將取消學生本學期畢業論文寫作資格。
4、論文字數、論文格式嚴格按有關要求執行。
1.引言
1.1制定本標準的目的是為了統一規范我省電大漢語言文學類本科畢業論文的格式，保證畢業論文質量。
1.2畢業論文應采用最新頒布的漢語簡化文字，符合《出版物漢字使用管理規定》，由作者在計算機上輸入、編排與打印完成。
1.3畢業論文作者應在選題前后閱讀大量有關文獻，文獻閱讀量不少于10篇，將其列入參考文獻表，并在正文中引用內容處注明參考文獻編號(按出現先后順序編排)。
2.編寫要求
2.1頁面要求：畢業論文須用A4(210×297mm)標準、70克以上白紙，一律采用單面打印；畢業論文頁邊距按以下標準設置：上邊距(天頭)為：30mm；下邊距(地腳)25mm；左邊距和右邊距為：25mm；裝訂線：10mm；頁眉：16mm；頁腳：15mm。
2.2頁眉：頁眉從摘要頁開始到論文最后一頁，均需設置。頁眉內容：浙江廣播電視大學漢語言文學類本科畢業論文，居中，打印字號為5號宋體，頁眉之下有一條下劃線。
2.3頁腳：從論文主體部分(引言或緒論)開始，用阿拉伯數字連續編頁，頁碼編寫方法為：第x頁共x頁，居中，打印字號為小5號宋體。
2.4前置部分從內容摘要起單獨編頁。
2.5字體與間距：畢業論文字體為小四號宋體，字間距設置為標準字間距，行間距設置為固定值20磅。
3.編寫格式
3.1畢業論文章、節的編號：按阿拉伯數字分級編號。
3.2畢業論文的構成(按畢業論文中先后順序排列)：
前置部分：封面；中文摘要，關鍵詞；[英文摘要，關鍵詞(申請學位者)]；目次頁(必要時)主體部分：引言(或緒論)；正文；結論；參考文獻
4.前置部分
4.1封面：封面格式按浙江廣播電視大學財經類本科畢業論文封面統一格式要求。封面內容各項必須如實填寫完整。其中論文題目是以最恰當、最簡明的詞語反映畢業論文中最重要的特定內容的邏輯組合；論文題目所用每一詞必須考慮到有助于選定關鍵詞和編制題錄、索引等二次文獻可以提供檢索的特定實用信息；論文題目一般不宜超過30字。論文題目應該避免使用不常見的縮寫詞、首字縮寫字、字符、代號和公式等；論文題目語意未盡，可用副標題補充說明論文中的特定內容。
具體內容依次列示如下內容：
漢語言文學類專業本科畢業論文(小二號黑體，居中)論文題名(二號黑體，居中)
學生姓名(××××××××三號黑體)學號(××××××××三號黑體)指導教師(××××××××三號黑體)專業(××××××××三號黑體)年級(××××××××三號黑體)學校(××××××××三號黑體)
4.2摘要：摘要是論文內容不加注釋和評論的簡短陳述，應以第三人稱陳述。它應具有獨立性和自含性，即不閱讀論文的全文，就能獲得必要的信息。摘要的內容應包含與論文同等量的主要信息，供讀者確定有無必要閱讀全文，也供文摘等二次文獻采用。
摘要一般應說明研究工作目的、實驗研究方法、結果和最終結論等，而重點是結果和結論。摘要中一般不用圖、表、公式等，不用非公知公用的符號、術語和非法定的計量單位。
摘要頁置于封面頁后。
中文摘要一般為300漢字左右，用5號宋體，摘要應包括關鍵詞。
英文摘要是中文摘要的英文譯文，英文摘要頁置于中文摘要頁之后。申請學位者必須有，不申請學位者可不使用英文摘要。
關鍵詞：關鍵詞是為了文獻標引工作從論文中選取出來用以表示全文主題內容信息款目的單詞或術語。一般每篇論文應選取3～5個詞作為關鍵詞。關鍵詞間用逗號分隔，最后一個詞后不打標點符號。以顯著的字符排在同種語言摘要的下方。如有可能，盡量用《漢語主題詞表》等詞表提供的規范詞。
4.3目次頁：目次頁由論文的章、節、條、附錄、題錄等的序號、名稱和頁碼組成，另起一頁排在摘要頁之后，章、節、小節分別以1.1.1；1.1.2等數字依次標出，也可不使用目次頁
5.主體部分
5.1格式：主體部分的編寫格式由引言(緒論)開始，以結論結束。主體部分必須另頁開始。
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摘要:論文標題是以最合理、最精煉的詞語反映論文主要研究內容與研究方法的邏輯組合,有其獨特的語言表達形式及寫作規范。本文結合筆者的實踐教學經驗,以高校英語專業畢業論文為例,闡述了中文標題英譯時應遵循的基本原則及方法,以此提高學生論文寫作水平。
一、引言
畢業論文(thesis)是每個大學生在畢業之前的一項重要學習任務。論文的撰寫需要一定的專業知識,也需遵循科研論文規范的寫作方法及語言表達形式。學生在英譯中文標題時應本著一條總的原則:準確反映文章實質,遵循英語表達習慣,貴在簡潔,突出醒目,使之起到“以小見大”的作用。具體原則及要求如下。
二、英譯畢業論文中文標題的基本原則
2.1準確一致(Accuracy)論文標題應能準確反映文章主要內容,恰當體現所研究的范圍和深度,既不能過于寬泛,也不宜過于繁瑣。中英文標題在內容上應保持一致,但不代表詞語的完全對應。將中文標題譯成英文時,要注意語序的調整,不能死套中文的詞序,以免造成英文意思模糊不清。在多數情況下,個別非實質性的詞可以省略或變動。如果有些標題過于籠統、抽象,難于按字面意思直譯,可以通過“意譯”原標題或另擬新標題加以整理,以使“名”符其“實”。2.2規范得體(Standardization)標題中單詞的大小寫。標題單詞字母的大小寫通常有以下三種寫作格式:全部字母大寫;每個詞的首字母大寫,但三個或四個字母以下的冠詞、連詞、介詞全部小寫;標題第一個詞的首字母大寫,其余字母均小寫。對于專有名詞首字母、首字母縮略詞、德語名詞首字母、句點(.)后任何單詞的首字母均應大寫。標點符號、斜體的使用。英漢論文標題中,標點符號的不對應是由兩種語言標點類別不同造成的。破折號、冒號、問號、引號、逗號、感嘆號、斜線均可使用,頓號、書名號僅用于中文學術論文標題;分號、省略號只用于英語學術論文標題。如,為使標題精煉,英文標題常用冒號或破折號代替標題中的介詞短語或判斷陳述句標題中的tobe。另外,標題中的概念與次要成分應用符號分隔,從而突出中心概念。英文書名用斜體表示,中文書名置于書名號內。縮寫詞。除各國通用的縮寫詞和特殊符號外,標題內不得使用縮寫詞和特殊符號。因此,論文標題應避免使用非公知、公用的縮寫詞、字符、代號,盡量不要出現數學公式和化學式。標題中應慎重使用縮略語,尤其對于有多個解釋的縮略語應嚴加限制,必要時應在括號中注明全稱,只有那些全稱較長、縮寫后不易引起歧義且已得到本專業領域公認的縮略語才可使用。
2.3簡短精煉(Conciseness)字數。標題具有高度的概括性,在能準確反映論文特定內容的前提下,標題的用詞應力求簡短、精練,以最少的文字概括盡可能多的內容。標題字數一般不超過20個漢字,外語不超過10個實詞(國際標準為8個),若能用一行文字表達則盡量不用2行。如果某些論文中的內容層次復雜或科學術語結構復雜,難用8個英文詞概括全文的標題,建議采用主標題與副標題的相結合的辦法解決標題過長問題,以副標題來補充說明特定的方法及內容等信息。此時應注意國際標準和英文規范,并用冒號將主、副標題分開,切忌按中文方式用破折號將之分開。贅詞冗語。標題中盡量不用贅詞冗語(如冠詞a,an,the)及多余的說明性“廢詞”。另外,還要注意避免標題中詞意上的重疊。隨著期刊論文逐漸與國際接軌,學生需注意遵循英語表達習慣。許多論文作者在中文標題中常冠于“試論”、“初探”、“淺談”、“試論”等謙辭。如果此類標題直接翻譯成“Elementaryintroduc-tionof…”,“Simplestudyof…”等字樣,在形式上謙詞就成了中心詞,反而使反映論文主題的中心詞不夠突出醒目,使英美人士望文生義,產生不信任感。至于標題中慣用的“AStudyof…”,“Re-searchon…”等一類詞匯都屬無效信息,英譯時為做到言簡意賅,往往省略不譯。
2.4醒目突出(Prominence)科研論文的標題一般不刻意追求語言的生動或形象化。但是,為了使標題醒目或體現語言和諧動聽,有時作者也在標題中運用修辭手段,以明確表明研究工作的獨到之處,力求重點突出。為使表達直接、清楚以便引起讀者的注意,作者應盡可能地將表達核心內容的主題詞放在標題開頭。
三、結語
綜上所述,在撰寫英語專業畢業論文之際,學生應從論文標題的專指性入手,認真擬定畢業論文標題,以使其發揮出提綱挈領的作用。了解畢業論文中文標題英譯的原則、常見結構及翻譯方法有助于學生提高標題譯文的準確性和靈活性,甚至論文的學術含量。學生在實際應用這些方法時,可根據具體情況進行適當的調整和增刪以實現譯文的標準化和規范化。
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網()創建于二5年十月的研究生論文服務中心，為畢業論文需求用戶提供畢業論文寫作指導,并發表各類研究生畢業論文。包括發表碩士論文、職稱論文、工程碩士論文、mba畢業論文、會計畢業論文、中級職稱論文、在職碩士畢業論文、在職博士畢業論文、英文計算機論文、英文論文、、職稱、核心期刊等業務。研究生畢業網團隊由頂尖的博士、教授組成，保證了論文的高水準高品質。我們從到期刊實行一站式服務，解決您所有的顧慮。
MBA畢業論文主要采用對論文進行評審和答辯的兩種工作，是對學生所撰寫論文的兩種不同的考核方法。前者是對MBA論文進行評審，只是對論文進行單向的、書面的、靜態的考核。而MBA論文答辯，則是對論文進行雙向的、口頭的、動態的考核。MBA論文答辯的目的是為了進一步審査論文，包括鑒別真偽、考查知識運用能力、深化提髙和增長知識、展現學生自信和口才、評價論文成績等方面，但MBA畢業論文可能更注重他的實用性，所以以實證研究為主，會比較容易過，但也有一部分MBA卻完成不了或完成不好畢業論文。
第一，鑒別真偽(或是否是自己獨立完成的論文)。評價MBA論文首要工作是核查論文的真實性，這是一個最起碼的要求，只有在辨別龐偽的情況下，才能對MBA論文作出準確、科學的評價。所謂真實性問題，也就是畢業論文是否是學生本人的研究和寫作成果，作者有沒有抄襲他人的成果或他人代作的行為，這是畢業論文能否順利通過答辯的一個原則性問題。撰寫MBA畢業論文，要求學生在教師的指導下獨立完成，但它不像考試、考査那樣，在老師嚴格監視下完成，而是在一個較長的時間內完成，難免會有少數不自覺的學生會投機取巧，采取各種手段作弊。也有的是學生并非故意抄襲，往往是因為他們不了解文獻哪些可以接受，哪些不可以接受的行為而導致。所以，答辯小組或答辯委員會的教師通過論文答辯鑒別MBA論文真實性的能力就更強些，而且在答辯會上還可以通過提問與答辯來暴露作弊者，從而保證MBA畢業論文的整體質麗。
第二，考查MBA知識運用能力。考査知識就是考査論文作者對論文研究對象所涉及的基本理論和其他相關知識的掌握程度，從而考査MBA論文作者對論題進行研究的理論準備和相關知識的掌握情況。通過論文也可以看出學生已掌握知識面的深度和廣度。但是，撰寫畢業論文的主要目的不是考査學生掌握知識的深廣度，而是考查學生綜合運用所學知識獨立地分析問題和解決問題的能力，培養和鍛煉學生進行科學研究的能力。學生在寫論文中所運用的知識有的已確實掌握，能融會貫通地運用;有的可能是一知半解，并沒有轉化為自己的知識;還有的可能是從別人的文章中生搬硬套過來，其基本含義都沒有搞淸楚。在答辯會上，答辯老師把論文中有闡述不清楚、不詳細、不完備、不確切、不完善等提出來，讓作者當場作出回答，從而就可以檢查出作者對所論述的問題是否有深廣的知識越礎、創造性見解和充分扎實的理由。
第三，深化提高和增長知識。就是通過答辯對論文是否貼題(題目是否恰當)、布局篇章是否得當、運用材料是否恰到好處、論點是否準確、論據是否充分、論證是否有力等。一般說來，從學生所提交的論文中，巳能大致反映出各個學生對自己所寫論文的認識程度和論證論題的能力。但由于種種原因，有些問題沒有充分展開、細說，有的可能是限于全局結構不便展開，有的可能是受篇幅所限不能展開，有的可能是作者認為這個問題不重要或者以為沒有必要展開、詳細說明的;有的很可能是作者深不下去或者說不淸楚而故意回避了的薄弱環節，有的還可能是作者自己根本就沒有認識到的不足之處等。通過對這些問題的提問和答辯就可以進一步弄淸MBA是由于哪種情況而沒有展開深人分析的，從而了解學生對自己所寫的論文的認識程度、理解深度和當場論證論題的能力。在答辯過程中，答辯小組成員也會就論文中的某些問題闡述自己的觀點或者提供有價值的信息。這樣，學生又可以從答辯教師中獲得新的知識。當然‘如果學生的論文有獨創性見解或在答辯中提供最新的新鮮材料，也會使答辯老師得到啟迪。
第四，MBA畢業論文答辯是全面展示自己的自信、才華和口才的最佳時機，是很多學生從未經歷過的場面，不少人因此而膽怯，缺乏自信心。其實畢業論文答辯將是MBA走向社會的關鍵時刻，是全面展示自己的素質和才能的良好時機。所以，MBA畢業生們對畢業論文答辯不能敷衍塞責、馬虎從事，更不可輕易放棄。
第五，評價論文成績。MBA論文雖然在答辯以前經過作者的多次修改且經過論文導師指導，以及論文導師進行評價論文成績，最后通過學生答辯能力表現最終審核其綜合成績，作為論文的最終成績。
關鍵詞： 畢業論文管理 管理體制 管理制度 管理細則 質量監控
畢業論文是學生運用在校學習的基礎知識和基本理論，解決實際問題的實踐鍛煉過程，也是學生在校學習期間學習成果的綜合性總結，是教學活動中不可缺少的重要環節。畢業論文的重要性體現在培養學生初步的科學研究能力，提高其綜合運用所學知識分析問題、解決問題能力等方面。畢業論文實踐環節架起了學生與社會之間的橋梁，提高了學生就業以后的動手能力。作為負責河北科技師范學院生命科技學院本科畢業論文管理工作的實踐教學辦公室，加強對全院學生畢業論文的管理，對提高畢業論文質量、確保高素質人才的培養具有重要意義。
一、畢業論文工作存在的問題
在本二級學院建院之前，農學、生命科學兩系已經設立專門辦公室負責畢業論文管理工作。建院以來，對我院原有工作進行了重新整合。在此過程中，我們發現，某些遺留問題沒有最終解決，一些新的問題日益凸顯：管理運行機制不夠健全，各級管理層次權責不夠清晰，管理制度不夠細化，管理模式低效繁雜，質量監控未充分發揮實效，等等。導致部分學生輕視畢業論文，以一種應付的心態對待畢業論文；部分指導教師管理不到位，沒有全身心地投入到指導工作中去，導致畢業論文質量整體下滑。
二、探索與實踐
2009級學生是我院建院以來的第一屆學生。為了提高畢業論文質量，更好地組織完成學生在校期間最后的教學任務，解決遺留問題和新問題，我們針對2013屆畢業論文，進行了初步的探索與實踐工作。
（一）健全管理體制
學院黨政領導班子成員高度重視畢業論文工作，按照學校要求，在第七學期開學初成立以院長為組長的畢業論文工作領導小組，由組長親自抓、負總責。小組成員由院務工作委員會和實踐教學辦公室人員組成，最終形成“畢業論文工作領導小組——主管院長——實踐教學辦公室——教學部——指導教師——學生”的六級管理體制。同時，明確職責分工。由畢業論文工作領導小組確定學院答辯委員會成員名單，委員會下設專業答辯組開展答辯工作。本著“提前安排、及時準確、細心周到、原則性與靈活性相統一”的原則開展各項工作。
（二）完善制度建設
針對畢業論文工作中出現的各種問題，我們依據學校文件相關精神，理順思路、精心策劃，起草《生命科技學院本科畢業論文工作實施細則（試行）》。經過多次面向全院教師征求意見與討論修改，《細則》正式出臺并執行。《細則》共分十一章，四十四條，十九附件。《細則》正文部分涵蓋組織領導、選題與任務下達、開題與中期檢查、撰寫、評閱與答辯、畢業論文檔案提交與歸檔等重要內容；附件部分涵蓋寫作模板、表格模板、裝訂要求等具體規范。《細則》將畢業論文二次答辯制度加以重新明確和規范；力爭徹底解決長期以來的遺留問題；對各類要求加以細化。另外，在工作中還逐漸形成了集中討論制度、公示制度等尚未成文的工作程序。
（三）加強質量監控
質量監控是確保畢業論文質量的基本前提，是制度運行的保障，是對全體教師和學生開展畢業論文工作的有效監督。通過充分發揮六級管理體制的作用，做到從學生選題到論文檔案材料歸檔各個環節層層把關、全程跟蹤，發現問題及時整改。學院還充分發揮二級教學督導組的作用，對畢業論文工作進行同步督導。《生命科技學院本科畢業論文工作實施細則（試行）》中對二次答辯進行了規范，規定了申請二次答辯的各種情形，尤其強調禁止抄襲、編造，以及非本人親自完成論文的各種行為。《細則》同時規定學生不能進行一、二次答辯或認定一、二次答辯不合格的各種情形。另外，通過成立畢業論文審核小組，建立論文后評估機制。學院根據專業情況，將畢業論文審核小組劃分成若干組。每組成員在組長的安排下，將學生提交的紙質版、電子版材料進行逐一審核。同時，每組指定人員就論文題目、摘要、關鍵詞的英文部分進行審核，重點檢查中、英文是否對應；用詞是否正確；是否存在語法問題，等等。只要審核中發現問題，就立即反饋學生進行修改。規定審核次數不多于三次。最終仍不合格者，提交畢業論工作領導小組進行終審。
（四）重視意見反饋
在畢業論文工作執行過程中，學院重視廣大教師、學生提出的意見和建議，以便今后改進各項工作。學院通過公共郵箱對相關工作開展公示，在規定時間內接收教師的意見反饋。在答辯期間，學院為各答辯組印發《畢業論文工作實施細則（試行）執行情況反饋表》，要求廣大師生對發現的問題、今后需要堅持的和今后需要完善之處，提出意見和建議，以便修訂時采納。
通過收取2013屆《畢業論文工作實施細則（試行）執行情況反饋表》顯示，廣大師生對畢業論文工作給予了充分的肯定，說明管理工作已收到了一定成效。
三、關于今后工作的思考
（一）適度擴大二次答辯的群體
目前，我院所采取的二次答辯措施主要傾向于那些無故不參加畢業論文各環節和各種評定中成績不合格的學生。在今后的工作中，我們考慮采取隨機的方式抽查部分學生進行二次答辯，適當選取優秀論文的學生進行二次答辯，體現其監督檢查、榜樣示范的作用。
（二）適度改變一人一題的方式
今后工作中，考慮根據指導教師、學生本人和教學資源的實際情況，將一人一題適度改為多人一題的方式，進一步培養學生團隊協作的能力。
（三）適度調整畢業論文工作時間
根據不同科研課題的特點，學院考慮與各專業協調培養方案，將畢業論文工作適度提前。這樣既保證了低年級學生盡早進入科研狀態，又保證了畢業生論文工作不與考研復習、就業等工作相抵觸。
總之，畢業論文工作既是對學生畢業前的一次綜合檢驗，又是對管理工作者能力和水平的考驗。我院將繼續本著求真務實的工作態度，建立畢業論文管理工作的長效機制，確保畢業論文質量逐年穩步提高。
參考文獻：
[1]蔣亦華.我國本科畢業論文制度的闡釋與建構[J].現代大學教育，2009（2）：101-106.
[2]柯穎.高校本科畢業論文教學改革的對策思考[J].學術論壇，2008（10）：203-205.
[3]周文剛，盧欣欣，崔仲遠.畢業論文（設計）過程管理和質量監控的改革與實踐[J].周口師范學院學報，2013（2）：111-113.
【關鍵詞】畢業論文 本科生科研 探索
【中圖分類號】G642 【文獻標識碼】A 【文章編號】1674-4810（2013）12-0024-02
教育部教高〔2005〕1號文件《關于進一步加強高等學校本科教學工作的若干意見》中指出，積極推動研究性教學，提高大學生的創新能力。引導大學生了解多種學術觀點并開展討論、追蹤本學科領域最新進展，提高自主學習和獨立研究的能力。要讓大學生通過參與教師科學研究項目或自主確定選題開展研究等多種形式，進行初步的探索性研究工作。我們對本科生參與教師科研進行了探索，旨在培養本科生的實踐創新能力，提高本科生畢業論文質量。
一 目前高校本科生畢業論文中存在的問題及原因
隨著高等院校的擴招和就業壓力的增大，工科院校本科生畢業論文、畢業設計的質量呈下降趨勢。主要原因有：
1.畢業設計、畢業論文準備時間短，精力投入不足，無法保證質量
多數高校的本科生畢業設計環節安排在最后一個學期進行，學生需要完成畢業實習、選題、資料檢索、調研、相關計算機軟件的學習與應用、方案確定與設計、實驗研究，論文撰寫、論文答辯等；而整個過程只有4個月的時間。加之目前就業壓力增大，這期間大部分本科生面臨著找工作的現實問題。有的學生準備研究生復試，有些學生要準備公務員考試，成績不合格的學生還要參加畢業前的補考。因此，造成了畢業生投入到畢業論文中的時間不足，難以保證畢業論文的質量。
2.缺乏實踐創新，科研素質低
通常本科生是在最后一學期開始時才接觸研究課題。之前本科生不了解科研過程更談不上進行科研訓練，而且動手能力也較差。加上準備時間短，造成工作效率低。
3.文獻搜集、整理能力差
畢業結業開始時學院一般先給學生布置課題，學生根據自己的興趣選擇指導教師及課題。由于畢業結題指導時間短，指導教師通常會為學生提供經典參考文獻并指導其閱讀，然后提供一些關鍵詞由學生自己查文獻閱讀，以促進畢業設計研究工作的開展。搜集高質量的參考文獻對論文寫作非常重要。但由于學生查閱文獻的能力有強有弱，英文水平參差不齊，無法順利、快速地閱讀文獻，特別是對題目的理解還可能有偏差，結果查找并閱讀的文獻篇數少，質量也不高。上述原因造成了學生對課題把握不到位，直接影響了課題的順利進行。
4.實驗過程中缺乏主動進取精神
由于學生在課題開始時才進入實驗室，因此大部分學生動手能力較差。在實驗室操作過程中難免會遇到各種問題。僅有少部分學生能積極主動地和導師探討問題，大部分學生只能被動地跟隨指導教師的節奏。
二 本科生科研的途徑
針對目前本科畢業論文中存在的普遍問題，我們課題組在如何提高本科生畢業論文質量方面進行了探討，并嘗試把學有余力的本科生引入到教師科研中進行了探索。
1.本科生科研的方式
從學生進入大學階段學習開始，就應通過專業介紹等講座，了解所學專業的國內外現狀，了解本專業的發展與在國民經濟中的作用，對畢業后從事的工作有所了解。最好大一就能到單位進行參觀實習，這樣學生對以后所從事的事業有清晰、完整的認識。
在開始學習理論知識的同時，還要著手培養本科生的科研素質和實踐能力。不同年級大學生的學習能力有差異，因此需針對各年級制定分層次、階段性培養方案。通過安排不同的科研任務來實現科研能力、科研素質的逐步提升。
應給本科生配備指導教師，由指導教師給學生制訂培養方案。讓學生在學習理論知識的同時，參加科研素質訓練。比如大學一年級學生的主要任務是：了解導師的科研方向與科研情況。大學二年級學生的任務是熟悉并掌握課題所需的基本實驗技能，并根據個人特長與教師的研究方向確定自己的實驗方向，掌握文獻檢索的基本技能，閱讀4～5篇與教師課題相關的中文論文，一年內至少閱讀并翻譯2篇相關英文文獻。大學三年級的主要任務：協助大學四年級的同學和教師完成自己所在實驗方向的實驗內容，每學期至少閱讀3篇與教師課題相關的論文，一年內至少閱讀2篇英文文獻；四年級同學的主要任務：針對自己的研究課題至少閱讀相關文獻30篇，其中英文文獻10篇以上。并在此基礎上，寫出自己課題的研究背景、存在的問題、找到通常的研究方法，制訂研究方案。并在教師的指導下，獨立思考，進行試驗研究，分析數據，撰寫實驗論文。
2.本科生參與科研過程應注意的問題
第一，強化外語和計算機學習。本科生從事科研，較高的外語閱讀能力和熟練的計算機使用能力是必需的。否則會直接影響科研能力的開展。所以本科生在大一時期要強化計算機應用及英語閱讀能力，為以后查閱文獻打好基礎。
第二，增開選修課，提高文獻檢索與寫作能力。盡早學習文選檢索課程，學會利用各種資源，提高文獻搜集及整理能力。
三 本科生科研的意義
1.理論知識與實踐能力相互促進，激發學生自主性學習熱情
本科生參與教師的科研工作，能較早地把理論知識與科研實踐相聯系，從而體驗到專業知識的實用性，激發其學習專業理論知識的興趣。在科研過程中，通過實踐有效地促進學生對學科間知識的聯結與整合，拓寬視野，夯實了理論基礎，加快了知識更新。隨著科研的不斷深入，學生能夠及時發現自身知識的不足，從而激發自主性吸收新知識的主動性。同時，由于課題需要，學生閱讀了大量的英文文獻與資料，從而也逐步提高了學生的外語水平。
一、藥學本科畢業論文目前存在的問題
1.論文的選題和方案設計困難。論文題目的選擇和實驗方案的設計是完成畢業論文的最根本前提。盡管藥學專業為理科專業，大學四年開設的實驗課程所占比重較大，但學生基本是聽從教師的安排，“老師怎么說，我便怎么做”，沒有科研選題和設計實驗方案的經歷。自主選題非常盲目，要么缺乏創新性、沒有實際價值；要么脫離學校現有的儀器條件、難以實現。同時，指導老師由于研究經費等原因，不愿意學生選擇自己科研課題之外的項目，但自身的科研課題又有_定的深度和難度，交給本科生做又擔心無法良好完成，最終造成畢業生選題難的尷尬局面。
2.指導老師資源緊張。現在很多藥學高等院校在學生大二階段便已開始實施科研導師制，但由于近年來高等本科院校普遍擴招，每年招收的學生均較多，專業老師相對于學生來說還是非常緊張，大部分學生并不能如愿找到自己的科研導師盡早開展課題研究。此外，畢業論文的指導老師大都是各高校中的骨干任課教師，除了每天曰常的教學工作之外，還要進行課題的申請和實施開展、文章撰寫、結題等工作。再要為學生畢業課題的設計、試劑藥材等的購買、實驗操作、論文的撰寫事無巨細地操心，實在是身心疲憊、力不從心，因而從內心上也不愿意進行畢業論文的指導。
3.畢業生考研、就業壓力的沖擊。隨著高等教育的普及，本科畢業生越來越多，出現了僧多粥少的場景，這使得畢業班的學生不得不向更高的學歷挑戰，每天在圖書館、通宵教室為考研而拼搏著，沒有心情顧及畢業論文的設計和實驗；這個學期也有不少醫院、醫藥企業或公司來學校招聘或做校園宣講會，很多學生都會積極參與以求取面試的機會。寫論文也是心急火燎，到要交了臨陣磨槍，故而難以有效保證畢業論文的質量。
4.畢業生綜合應用能力不強。畢業論文的完成過程可以說是對大學生四年學習的一次綜合檢驗，不僅考查了學生對專業知識的掌握程度，更重要的是反映了學生對專業技能的靈活運用程度。就目前情況來看，學生的文獻檢索能力尚顯欠缺。雖然《文獻檢索》這門課程作為必修課已在藥學專業的大二學年安排，然而真到了學生要利用文獻檢索工具來設計和撰寫畢業論文的時候，卻發現所學知識早已經遺忘得差不多了，都不知道如何充分利用維普、萬方等數據庫，更不用說是查閱外文文獻了，部分學生甚至向指導老師索要英文文獻供他們翻譯，讓指導老師哭笑不得。
此外，藥學專業的論文，不僅需要查找大量的文獻資料，更重要的是必須學生自己積極主動地進行實驗才能完成科學研究。然而學生在開展實驗過程中，往往只是把它當成一個任務來應付，缺乏熱情，不愿意花費時間和精力開動腦筋思考實驗設計的原理和依據，一旦實驗過程中出現了問題，第一時間就去問老師。缺乏獨立思考解決問題的能力，這也是教師在指導畢業論文的過程中最有感觸的_件事情。
二、改善藥學本科畢業論文質量的對策和建議
1.論文的選題仍以教師的科研課題為主體。由于在短期內藥學高等院校提供給學生畢業論文的經費不會有明顯增加，除少數較優秀的學生自選課題外，指導教師的科研課題仍將是學生畢業論文的主要來源。針對教師科研課題難度偏大、本科生難以較好勝任的局面，教師一方面可以將課題分解成小的子項目，另一方面可讓研究生擔當其中的良好中介。讓學生跟著研究生做課題，既解決了畢業生論文選題難的問題，也讓學生有研究生更直接、更全面的指導和幫助，能更好地了解實驗的目的、設計原理等，能較為有效地完成實驗和論文。
2.從校外引入指導老師資源。除醫藥高等院校的教師外，不少醫藥企業、藥檢所等科研院所也在開展與藥學相關的科研工作，由于這些單位編制人員少，對藥學實習生的需求十分迫切。高校應搭建好他們與學生之間的橋梁，讓學生與企、事業單位間相互熟悉和了解后，實現學生與指導老師之間的雙向選擇。讓企、事業單位的科研人員擔任學生畢業論文的指導老師，不僅大大擴充了指導老師的資源隊伍，減輕了在校教師的負擔，讓他們有更多的精力指導學生；而且也可擴展學生的視野，讓他們盡早接觸校園之外的社會，為今后更好地適應工作崗位奠定基礎。
3.合理安排時間，給予二次答辯的機會。針對畢業生考研、就業壓力的影響，學校可引導他們合理安排時間，利用大三的暑假完成文獻綜述和外文翻譯。并適當提前不參加考研、準備直接就業學生的答辯時間，讓他們盡早開展實驗；對于考研的學生則將答辯時間放在考研結束之后的兩三個月，即給予二次答辯的機會，讓這部分學生可以安心復習考研，等到考試結束后再全身心投入到畢業論文的工作中。
4.提升學生的綜合應用能力。學生應用能力的培養是幾年大學生涯的積累，因此，要提升學生這方面的素質不是_朝_夕就能做到的，如何激發學生的學習興趣、加強他們的實踐動手能力是藥學院校在教學過程中始終要關注的問題。在畢業論文設計之先，學校可以通過組織講座等形式讓相關的任課教師再系統地輔導一下學生如何充分使用檢索工具，指導期刊文獻特別是外文資料的查閱；學生也應重新翻閱《文獻檢索》等相關教材，回憶起遺忘的知識點，以提高檢索能力。對于學生而言，應明確畢業論文也是自身專業學習中非常關鍵的部分，是自己走上工作崗位前的一次實戰演練，從課題的選題、設計、實驗操作到論文書寫一定要認真對待。在實驗過程中要不斷思考如何做、為什么這樣做的機理和原因，而不是糊里糊涂只當是趕緊把任務完成。同時，在做實驗的過程中難免會遇到問題，應先自己思考該如何解決，然后再和指導老師或研究生溝通、商議或解答，在操作過程中遇到失敗也是很正常的事情，要認真分析出錯的原因，不要氣餒，端正態度帶著問題重新來過，以獲取最終良好的結果。
關鍵詞 醫藥營銷專業 論文質量 教學改革
中圖分類號：G424 文獻標識碼：A DOI：10.16400/ki.kjdkz.2015.03.059
Medicine Marketing Undergraduate Thesis
Quality Analysis and Teaching Reform
YANG Lin
（Xi'an Medical University， Xi'an， Shaanxi 710021）
Abstract Pharmaceutical marketing professional thesis is to examine the effect of graduates of professional learning important practical aspects， to fully reflect the student's comprehensive ability and self-learning ability， but also improve an important teaching graduates overall practice and innovation ability. Combined with the actual situation of pharmaceutical marketing professional school student thesis， analysis of nearly 153 graduates three basic conditions of pharmaceutical marketing and quality factors papers， thesis writing and defense against the existing problems， enhance substantive pharmaceutical marketing graduate thesis quality feasibility strategy.
Key words pharmaceutical marketing; thesis quality; teaching reform
醫藥營銷專業本科畢業論文是培養學生綜合運用所學理論知識獨立分析和解決問題的一個重要環節，為了調查論文質量及發現論文寫作中存在的問題，抽取近三屆153篇畢業論文進行回顧性分析。大多數學生實習都集中于醫藥經營企業，論文選題與醫藥營銷實踐的相關度較高，論文的完成能夠體現醫藥營銷專業綜合訓練的要求。通過對該專業近三屆學生畢業論文質量的分析，探討對本專業畢業論文質量影響的因素，通過加強對畢業論文寫作各環節的指導與控制，提高醫藥營銷專業畢業論文的整體水平。
1 醫藥營銷專業本科畢業論文基本情況
近三屆醫藥營銷專業本科畢業論文共153篇，其中2008級35篇，2009級36篇，2010級82篇。調查內容包括醫藥營銷專業153篇論文的總體評分情況，畢業論文的三種主要類型，畢業生實習單位、指導老師同畢業論文得分之間的相關關系等基本情況。2012、2013、2014屆醫藥營銷專業畢業論文的優秀率分別為8.6%、13.9%、13.4%，良好率分別是85.7%、69.4%、76.8%，合格率占5.7%、16.7%、9.8%。綜合來看學生寫作流程基本規范，但是論文質量有待提高。
醫藥營銷專業畢業論文類型分為理論研究型、市場調查型和理論應用型。這三種類型在2012屆畢業論文中的比率分別占8.6%、2.8%、88.6%，在2013屆畢業論文中的比率為11.1%、2.7%、86.2%，在2014屆畢業論文中的比率占7.3%、3.6%、89.1%。總體來看，近三屆學生的畢業論文以結合醫藥市場具體情況進行分析、運用營銷理論解決實際問題的應用型為主。
醫藥營銷專業畢業生的實習單位分為醫藥外資企業、國內醫藥經營企業、連鎖藥店和非醫藥企業這四種類型。綜合近三屆畢業論文總體成績來看，在醫藥外資企業實習的畢業生論文中優秀、良好、合格的比率是59.3%、33.3%、7.4%，在國內醫藥經營企業實習的畢業生論文中優秀、良好、合格的比率是2.7%、90.5%、6.8%，在連鎖藥店實習的畢業生論文中優秀、良好、合格的比率是2.6%、82.0%、15.4%。在非醫藥企業實習的畢業生論文中沒有成績優秀的，良好與合格比率是76.9%、23.1%。顯然在醫藥外資企業實習的畢業生論文質量最優。
醫藥營銷專業畢業生結合專業的實踐與應用特性，近三屆畢業生中111人由醫藥企業工作人員帶教，論文考評優秀、良好、合格的比率是11.7%、73.9%、14.4%，一些在連鎖藥店和非醫藥企業實習的學生因缺乏指導老師而由校內專業課老師帶教，論文考評優秀、良好、合格的比率是14.3%、61.9%、23.8%。
2 醫藥營銷專業本科畢業論文質量影響因素分析
通過對已經畢業的近三屆醫藥營銷畢業論文的回顧性整理發現，影響論文質量的因素主要體現在學生對待畢業論文的態度、實習單位與指導老師這幾個主要的方面。
2.1 畢業生對待論文的態度
醫藥營銷專業本科學生大都在醫藥企業實習，實習單位對學生有著較為嚴格的績效考核制度，學生不能像在校期間學習一樣靜下心來寫論文。學生在畢業論文寫作階段面臨實習、考研及找工作等問題，往往忽視了畢業論文寫作。對2010級學生采用訪談法收集畢業生對于畢業論文的看法和投入精力后發現，只有26%學生認為畢業論文很重要，47%的學生認為比較重要，27%的學生認為寫論文純屬完成任務。整體而言，學生在論文選題、開題、資料收集、論文撰寫、論文修改、畢業論文答辯等各個環節投入的時間和精力不足。
2.2 論文選題與論文質量
從畢業論文總體來看，在論文選題方面大都集中于醫藥市場領域，絕大多數學生選擇了自己感興趣、與營銷工作聯系緊密并且自己可以駕馭完成的論題。論文的選題難度與論文完成的工作量較為適中。醫藥營銷專業畢業論文以理論應用型為主，高達88.9%，市場調查型最少只占論文總量的2.6%。通過對2010級畢業生的抽查結果顯示，其中只有少部分學生在完成論文時，既查閱了文獻又進行了實際的市場調研。由于畢業論文的寫作設在最后一個學期，很多同學將絕大部分時間放在了實習和找工作上，在寫作時忽略了原始資料的獲取，只進行了二手文獻的查閱，影響了論文的說服力。核查得分較低的論文后發現，個別學生論文選題過大，沒有針對本專業的具體情況，致使完成論文難度倍增，加之實習過程缺少必要的實踐訓練環節，導致論文內容空洞質量不高。
2.3 指導老師與論文質量
因為擴招本校醫藥營銷專業學生人數逐年增加，校內指導老師無法完成全部學生的論文指導工作，因此從學生實習的醫藥企業聘請責任心強、與營銷實踐工作相關的人員作為校外指導老師。由醫藥企業人員和校內專業課老師指導的畢業論文優秀率分別為11.7%和14.3%，兩者之間沒有顯著差異。校內教師對于營銷理論非常了解，但對具體操作卻不十分清楚，在指導學生的過程中會出現僅僅靠理論指導，而難以解決企業實際問題的情況。醫藥企業人員具備豐富的市場銷售經驗，能夠指導學生將理論轉化為實踐應用，從學生論文中可以發現與具體實習企業的緊密聯系，但是校外老師在論文格式規范、參考文獻等方面有待改進。
2.4 實習單位與論文質量
實習單位對于畢業論文的優良率有著重要的影響，從論文統計中可以發現，醫藥外資企業、國內醫藥企業、連鎖藥店實習的學生畢業論文優秀率分別為 59.3%、2.7%、2.6%，在醫藥外資企業實習的畢業生論文優良率遠高于其他三類企業，說明實習單位與畢業論文成績之間存在關聯。從論文完成情況可以看出，醫藥外資企業擁有良好的資金、技術等競爭優勢，在人力資源培養方面投入力度大，在此實習的學生在市場銷售中得到了較好鍛煉，同時論文質量整體較好。
3 提高醫藥營銷畢業論文質量的改革對策
3.1 加強對畢業生論文寫作前的指導
針對2014屆畢業生進行的調研問卷顯示63%學生和47%指導教師認為影響論文質量的最主要問題是缺少論文規范性寫作的指導和訓練。83%的學生認為學校有必要在實習前，給學生提供一些從開題報告到畢業論文的范文并加以講解，使學生掌握論文的寫作方法和注意事項，提高論文寫作質量和水平。雖然歷屆學生在畢業論文前都會安排有實習動員，但由于時間緊，實習動員更多的是強調實習注意事項和對論文基本要求，沒有對論文寫作安排專門時間來指導和訓練。因此，畢業論文水平的提高必須通過一定的方式方法來逐步實現。
可行的方法是將論文寫作專項訓練課程的內容劃分為課堂講授及寫作訓練兩部分。論文指導教師用5學時講完教學計劃的核心內容，以綜述、開題報告、中英文摘要和論文寫作進行講授。核心內容的講授采用案例式教學，以往屆畢業生中的優秀論文為范文進行分析說明。剩余的時間通過給出學習要點及作業由學生自主完成。學生作業結合擬完成畢業論文題目，逐項提交與之有關的開題報告、中英文摘要和論文等。
3.2 論文寫作由校內外導師共同指導
醫藥營銷專業的學生撰寫論文是要解決企業的實際問題，為了能夠使學生的論文反映醫藥企業的實際情況，實習企業應該為學生指派一位實踐指導教師，由校外老師負責指導學生的營銷實踐環節，并為學生創造條件進行學位論文的撰寫。校內老師指導學生完成與學位論文相關的表格填寫工作。這樣學生在收集數據、調查資料等方面就能從企業角度分析問題、解決問題，大大提高了學生對實際問題的理解程度，保證了學生在理論和實踐應用兩方面順利完成畢業論文的寫作。與此同時，這也將有利于加強校內外交流與合作，提高本專業學生的培養質量，向醫藥企業輸送合格的畢業生。
3.3 論文答辯方式的改革
醫藥營銷專業的學生答辯形式是人人參與答辯，答辯成績占最終論文總成績的40%，查閱總成績不高的學生論文后發現，答辯成績也往往偏低。學院選擇在醫藥企業實踐經驗豐富的管理人員和校內專業課老師共同組成醫藥營銷論文答辯小組，每個小組由5名教師組成，每個答辯的學生需要回答2～3個問題，學生一一作答后，答辯教師根據學生的論文撰寫情況和答辯情況給出相應的成績，如果成績不合格需要進行二次答辯。為了避免這種效率不高的重復勞動，本專業將在下一屆畢業生中推行預答辯制度，即在正式答辯之前先組織學生預演全過程，幫助學生及時找到不足加以完善，以期在正式答辯中發揮出最佳水平。
畢業論文的質量不僅能反映教師的教學和科研水平，而且還能反映一個學校人才培養模式和培養計劃的合理性。畢業論文是對大學四年學習成果的綜合性總結，對學生利用所學知識分析問題和解決問題能力的檢驗，是大學生完成學業的標志性作業。通過校外實習就業一體化基地建設、實施論文寫作的綜合實訓指導，完善畢業論文過程化管理和嚴格地進行論文評閱與答辯等措施，將實質性提高醫藥營銷專業畢業論文的質量。
項目：西安醫學院2014年校級精品課程資助項目（XYZL2014-13）
參考文獻
[1] 鐘其鵬.近三十年來本科畢業論文環節教學研究述評[J].欽州學院學報，2010（2）：79-83.
一、畢業論文正文
1、畢業論文、文獻綜述、外文翻譯及開題報告全部用計算機打印。
2、課題任務書裝訂在正文目錄之前。
3、“目錄”居中用四號黑體加粗，中間空12個字距。頁碼采用阿拉伯數字加“（）”右頂格止，前面加“………………”；漢字用五號宋體，英文及數字用五號TimesNewRoman；論文文本每頁右上角有頁碼，用五號TimesNewRoman。
4、標題控制在20個漢字以內，居中用四號黑體加粗；如語意未盡，可以借副標題予以補充，置于標題下，前加破折號，用小四號黑體加粗。
5、按五號字空行后，居中用小四號宋體打印三行內容：學生：×××指導教師：×××三峽大學理學院
6按五號字空行并空2個字距后，用五號黑體打印“摘要：”，接著用五號宋體打印內容，篇幅控制在200字左右，換行時為自動換行，不空字距。中文摘要下方為英文摘要，用五號TimesNewRoman，“Abstract:”加粗。
7、換行空2個字距后，用五號黑體打印“關鍵詞：”，接著用五號宋體打印內容，關鍵詞由3—8個詞或詞組組成，各關鍵詞之間用分號相隔。中文關鍵詞下方為英文關鍵詞(小寫)，用五號TimesNewRoman，“Keywords:”加粗。
8、按五號字空行并空兩個字距后直接五號宋體打印前言內容，不編序號。
9、按五號字空行后打印主體部分及總結。各層次標題一律用阿拉伯數字連續編號，不同層次的數字之間用“.”相隔，末尾數字后面不加標點，如“1”“2.1”“3.1.2”等；各層次的序號均左頂格起，后空1個字距接排標題。第1層次的序號及標題上下按五號字空行，用小四號黑體加粗，其它用五號宋體。論文中的表、圖和公式按第1層次的序號編號，如：“表1.1”、“表1.6”……，“圖1.1”、“圖1.7”……（編號后空1個字距接排圖名及表名），“公式1—（1）”、“公式1—（2）”……。圖及表用小五號宋體居中排，圖名和表名用小五號黑體加粗，分別置于圖的下方和表的上方并居中排。公式一律用公式編輯器打印，序號標注在最后一行的最右邊，前面加“………………”；公式換行時，只能在＋，－，×，÷，＜，＞等處換行，上下式盡可能在“＝”處對齊。
10、致謝、附錄均左頂格起，不編序號，用小四號黑體加粗，上下按五號字空行，其后內容用五號宋體。附錄有復印的圖表，用16K紙單面復印，頁邊距與畢業論文稿紙一致，便于裝訂。
11、“參考文獻”左頂格起（不編序號），用小四號黑體加粗，上下按五號字空行，其后內容用五號宋體。引用順序號加“〔〕”左頂格起，后空1個字距后著錄。著錄順序見《三峽大學畢業論文工作實施條例》P16或封二、封三。“〔〕”中順序號與正文中順序號一致（正文中按順序在引用參考文獻處用上標“〔〕”標明）。參考文獻必須是作者親自閱讀過的發表在公開出版物上的文獻。
12、畢業論文正文不少于1.5萬字。
二、文獻綜述
由前言、主體、總結和參考文獻組成。
第一頁第一行左起頂格，用四號宋體打印“文獻綜述”。換第二行打印標題，格式見第一條1、4、5、8、9、11。文獻綜述不少于3000字（前言300字左右，主體2500字左右，總結100—200字），其中參考文獻不少于15種。
三、外文翻譯
1、外文資料用16K紙單面復印或打印，頁邊距與畢業論文稿紙一致，便于裝訂。
2、譯文：第一頁第一行左起頂格，用四號宋體打印“外文翻譯”。換第二行打印標題，格式見第一條1、4。標題為原文標題的中文譯文，作者是華人時，署名為中文，否則，署名為英文名。(格式與第一條對應部分相同)。
3、裝訂時，原文在前，譯文在后。
4、外文翻譯不少于3000漢字。
